Variation of physical constants and electron–positron oscillations: Zitterbewegung in a plane wave

2021 ◽  
Vol 136 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emilio Fiordilino
Keyword(s):  
Plane Wave ◽  
Physical Constants ◽  
Electron Positron

QED IN STRONG EXTERNAL FIELD: CALCULATION OF NONLINEAR EFFECTS BY MEANS OF THE PROPER TIME METHOD

2004 ◽  
Vol 19 (14) ◽  
pp. 2293-2311 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. ANDREEV ◽  
G. L. LABZOVSKY ◽  
YU. M. PISMAK ◽  
V. N. MARKOV
Keyword(s):  
Plane Wave ◽  
Maxwell Equations ◽  
Proper Time ◽  
Nonlinear Effects ◽  
Nonlocal Theory ◽  
Field Calculation ◽  
Euler Approximation ◽  
Electron Positron ◽  
Electron Positron Pair ◽  
Strong External Field

Modern lasers are unable yet to cause electron–positron pair production in vacuum, however it is possible to notice considerable influence of vacuum polarization on radiation that propagates in such medium. In our work we present nonlocal theory of interaction of intensive laser radiation with electron–positron vacuum. We refuse from Heisenberg–Euler approximation and it permits us to calculate nonzero response of vacuum even for a plane wave. We show how to use the "proper time" method for calculation of corrections to the Maxwell equations. These equations are solved for the case of plane wave and their solutions are investigated.

Theory and Errors in Stereo Electron Microscopy

1968 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 336-337
Author(s):  
J. M. Pankratz
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Plane Wave ◽  
Focal Length ◽  
Foil Thickness ◽  
Points Of Interest ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Vertical Spacing ◽  
Illuminating System

It is often desirable in transmission electron microscopy to know the vertical spacing of points of interest within a specimen. However, in order to measure a stereo effect, one must have two pictures of the same area taken from different angles, and one must have also a formula for converting measured differences between corresponding points (parallax) into a height differential.Assume (a) that the impinging beam of electrons can be considered as a plane wave and (b) that the magnification is the same at the top and bottom of the specimen. The first assumption is good when the illuminating system is overfocused. The second assumption (the so-called “perspective error”) is good when the focal length is large (3 x 107Å) in relation to foil thickness (∼103 Å).

A hybrid Gaussian and plane wave density functional scheme

1997 ◽  
Vol 92 (3) ◽  
pp. 477-487 ◽  
Author(s):  
GERALD LIPPERT ◽  
JuRG HUTTER ◽  
MICHELE PARRINELLO
Keyword(s):  
Plane Wave ◽  
Density Functional ◽  
Functional Scheme
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