Quarkonium production has been considered as a tool to study the medium formed in high-energy nuclear collisions, assuming that the formation of a hot and dense environment modifies the production pattern observed in elementary collisions. The basic features measured there are the relative fractions of hidden to open heavy flavor and the relative fractions of the different hidden heavy flavor states. Hence the essential question is if and how these quantities are modified in nuclear collisions. We show how the relevant data must be calibrated; that is, what reference has to be used, in order to determine this in a model-independent way.
Recent experimental results on quarkonium physics are reviewed. In particular, the new observed particles since last one or two years, such as X(1835), X(3872), X(3940), Y(3940) and Y(4260) are discussed, the latest data on double charmonium production, heavy hadron spectroscopy and quarkonia decays are presented.
The associated production a vector boson with [Formula: see text] is a key observable for understanding of the quarkonium production mechanisms, including the separation of single and double parton scattering components. Measurements from the ATLAS detector at LHC on quarkonium production, including associated production of a [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] are presented. A study of the hidden-charm states [Formula: see text] is also provided.
Abstract
We present predictions for heavy-quark production at the Large Hadron Collider making use of the $$ \overline{\mathrm{MS}} $$
MS
¯
and MSR renormalization schemes for the heavy-quark mass as alternatives to the widely used on-shell renormalization scheme. We compute single and double differential distributions including QCD corrections at next-to-leading order and investigate the renormalization and factorization scale dependence as well as the perturbative convergence in these mass renormalization schemes. The implementation is based on publicly available programs, MCFM and xFitter, extending their capabilities. Our results are applied to extract the top-quark mass using measurements of the total and differential $$ t\overline{t} $$
t
t
¯
production cross-sections and to investigate constraints on parton distribution functions, especially on the gluon distribution at low x values, from available LHC data on heavy-flavor hadro-production.