HOW THE INTERVAL BETWEEN PRIMARY AND BOOSTER VACCINATION AFFECTS LONG-TERM DISEASE DYNAMICS

Chapter 14: Prevention: vaccines and immunoglobulins

Tick-borne encephalitis - The Book ◽

10.33442/26613980_14-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Eva-Maria Pöllabauer ◽

Herwig Kollaritsch

Keyword(s):

Immune Responses ◽

Neutralizing Antibodies ◽

Western Europe ◽

Surrogate Marker ◽

Booster Vaccination ◽

Post Exposure Prophylaxis ◽

Pediatric Formulation ◽

The One ◽

Exposure Prophylaxis

Worldwide there are 6 different TBE vaccines – two from Western Europe, three from Russia and one from China. The two western European vaccines and one of the Russian vaccines have an adult and a pediatric formulation. The products names are FSME IMMUN and FSME-IMMUN Junior; Encepur adults and Encepur children, Klesch-E-Vac, EnceVir and EnceVir Neo, Dry lyophilized TBE Moscow and Sen Tai Bao. All TBE vaccines except the one from China have similar but not identical immunization schedules with primary immunization (>3 doses) and regular booster vaccinations. For FSME-IMMUN, Encepur and EnceVir rapid immunization schedules are also licensed. The Chinese vaccine is given with 2 primary doses 2 weeks apart followed by annual boosters. All vaccines induce significant immune responses. In the absence of a formal correlate of protection, the presence of neutralizing antibodies is used as a surrogate marker for protection. Recent clinical studies show long-term seropersistence of TBE antibodies after the first booster vaccination (dose 4) with the two European vaccines. An effectiveness of approximately 99% (years 2000–2006) and 98.7% (years 2000-2011) was calculated for regularly vaccinated persons in Austria, a country with established high vaccination uptake. Whereas in Western Europe post-exposure prophylaxis with immunoglobulins was discontinued in the late 1990s, in the highly endemic regions of Russia it continues to be common practice. Both – FSME-IMMUN and Encepur are well tolerated with a well-established safety profile. TBE-Moscow and EnceVir appear to be somewhat more reactogenic.

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Long-term persistence of protective antibodies in Dutch adolescents following a meningococcal serogroup C tetanus booster vaccination

Vaccine ◽

10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.10.049 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 34 (50) ◽

pp. 6309-6315 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Mariëtte B. van Ravenhorst ◽

Axel Bonacic Marinovic ◽

Fiona R.M. van der Klis ◽

Debbie M. van Rooijen ◽

Marjan van Maurik ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Booster Vaccination ◽

Protective Antibodies

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Differential T- and B-Cell Responses to Pertussis in Acellular Vaccine-Primed versus Whole-Cell Vaccine-Primed Children 2 Years after Preschool Acellular Booster Vaccination

Clinical and Vaccine Immunology ◽

10.1128/cvi.00270-13 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 20 (9) ◽

pp. 1388-1395 ◽

Cited By ~ 39

Author(s):

Rose-Minke Schure ◽

Lotte H. Hendrikx ◽

Lia G. H. de Rond ◽

Kemal Öztürk ◽

Elisabeth A. M. Sanders ◽

...

Keyword(s):

T Cell ◽

B Cells ◽

Immune Responses ◽

B Cell ◽

Booster Vaccination ◽

Memory B Cells ◽

Vaccine Antigen ◽

Whole Cell ◽

Cell Responses

ABSTRACTThis study investigated long-term cellular and humoral immunity against pertussis after booster vaccination of 4-year-old children who had been vaccinated at 2, 3, 4, and 11 months of age with either whole-cell pertussis (wP) or acellular pertussis (aP) vaccine. Immune responses were evaluated until 2 years after the preschool booster aP vaccination. In a cross-sectional study (registered trial no. ISRCTN65428640), blood samples were taken from wP- and aP-primed children prebooster and 1 month and 2 years postbooster. Pertussis vaccine antigen-specific IgG levels, antibody avidities, and IgG subclasses, as well as T-cell cytokine levels, were measured by fluorescent bead-based multiplex immunoassays. The numbers of pertussis-specific memory B cells and gamma interferon (IFN-γ)-producing T cells were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot assays. Even 2 years after booster vaccination, memory B cells were still present and higher levels of pertussis-specific antibodies than prebooster were found in aP-primed children and, to a lesser degree, also in wP-primed children. The antibodies consisted mainly of the IgG1 subclass but also showed an increased IgG4 portion, primarily in the aP-primed children. The antibody avidity indices for pertussis toxin and pertactin in aP-primed children were already high prebooster and remained stable at 2 years, whereas those in wP-primed children increased. All measured prebooster T-cell responses in aP-primed children were already high and remained at similar levels or even decreased during the 2 years after booster vaccination, whereas those in wP-primed children increased. Since the Dutch wP vaccine has been replaced by aP vaccines, the induction of B-cell and T-cell memory immune responses has been enhanced, but antibody levels still wane after five aP vaccinations. Based on these long-term immune responses, the Dutch pertussis vaccination schedule can be optimized, and we discuss here several options.

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The interaction of seasonal forcing and immunity and the resonance dynamics of malaria

Journal of The Royal Society Interface ◽

10.1098/rsif.2009.0178 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 7 (43) ◽

pp. 309-319 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Dylan Z. Childs ◽

Michael Boots

Keyword(s):

Host Immunity ◽

Dynamical Model ◽

Infectious Period ◽

Acquired Immunity ◽

Disease Dynamics ◽

Annual Cycles ◽

Intrinsic Factors ◽

Strong Seasonality

Theory has emphasized the importance of both intrinsic factors such as host immunity and extrinsic drivers such as climate in determining disease dynamics. In particular, seasonality may lead to multi-annual cycles in prevalence, but the likelihood of this depends on the role of acquired immunity. Some diseases including malaria have immunity that falls between the classic susceptible–infectious–removed and susceptible–infectious–susceptible models. Here, we investigate the general conditions promoting the subharmonic resonance behaviour that may lead to multi-annual cycles in a general malaria dynamical model. Utilizing two complementary approaches to bifurcation analyses, we show that resonance is promoted by processes shortening the length of the infectious period and that subharmonic cycles are favoured in situations with strong seasonality in transmission but at intermediate levels of endemicity. We discuss the implications of our results for understanding prevalence patterns in long-term malaria datasets from Kenya that show multi-annual cycles and one from Thailand that does not and discuss the possible implications of treatment.

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Chapter 14: Prevention – Vaccines + Immunoglobulins

Tick-borne encephalitis - The Book ◽

10.33442/978-981-14-0914-1_14 ◽

2019 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Eva-Maria Pöllabauer ◽

Herwig Kollaritsch

Keyword(s):

Immune Responses ◽

Neutralizing Antibodies ◽

Western Europe ◽

Surrogate Marker ◽

Booster Vaccination ◽

Post Exposure Prophylaxis ◽

Pediatric Formulation ◽

The One ◽

Exposure Prophylaxis

• Worldwide there are 6 different TBE vaccines – two from Western Europe, three from Russia and one from China. The two western European vaccines and one of the Russian vaccines have an adult and a pediatric formulation. • The products names are FSME IMMUN and FSME-IMMUN Junior; Encepur adults and Encepur children, Klesch-E-Vac, EnceVir and EnceVir Neo, Dry lyophilized TBE Moscow and Sen Tai Bao • All TBE vaccines except the one from China have similar but not identical immunization sched-ules with primary immunization (>3 doses) and regular booster vaccinations. For FSME-IMMUN, Encepur and EnceVir a rapid immunization schedules is also licensed. The Chinese vaccine is giv-en with 2 primary doses 2 weeks apart followed by annual boosters. • All vaccines induce significant immune responses. In the absence of a formal correlate of pro-tection, the presence of neutralizing antibodies is used as a surrogate marker for protection. • Recent clinical studies show long-term seropersistence of TBE antibodies after the first booster vaccination (dose 4) with the two European vaccines. • An effectiveness of approximately 99% (years 2000–2006) and 98,7% (years 2000-2011) was calculated for regularly vaccinated persons in Austria, a country with established high vaccina-tion uptake. • Whereas in Western Europe post-exposure prophylaxis with immunoglobulins was discontinued in the late 1990s, in the highly endemic regions of Russia it continues to be common practice. • Both - FSME-IMMUN and Encepur are well tolerated with a well-established safety profile. TBE-Moscow and EnceVir appear to be somewhat more reactogenic.

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Long-term humoral and cell-mediated immunity after acellular pertussis vaccination compares favourably with whole-cell vaccines 6 years after booster vaccination in the second year of life

Vaccine ◽

10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.10.048 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 25 (8) ◽

pp. 1390-1397 ◽

Cited By ~ 55

Author(s):

N. Guiso ◽

E. Njamkepo ◽

F. Vié le Sage ◽

F. Zepp ◽

C.U. Meyer ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Booster Vaccination ◽

Cell Mediated Immunity ◽

Whole Cell ◽

Second Year Of Life ◽

Second Year

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Long-term maintenance of diphtheria-specific antibodies after booster vaccination is hampered by latent infection with Cytomegalovirus

Immunity & Ageing ◽

10.1186/s12979-017-0099-y ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Birgit Weinberger ◽

Michael Keller ◽

Beatrix Grubeck-Loebenstein

Keyword(s):

Latent Infection ◽

Booster Vaccination ◽

Specific Antibodies ◽

Term Maintenance

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Long-term persistence of tick-borne encephalitis antibodies in children 5 years after first booster vaccination with Encepur® Children

Vaccine ◽

10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.12.057 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 27 (10) ◽

pp. 1585-1588 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Christoph Wittermann ◽

Eckhardt Petri ◽

Olaf Zent

Keyword(s):

Booster Vaccination ◽

Tick Borne Encephalitis

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Long-term Memory Response After a Single Intramuscular Rabies Booster Vaccination 10–24 Years After Primary Immunization

The Journal of Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/infdis/jiab034 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Cornelis A De Pijper ◽

Annefleur C Langedijk ◽

Sanne Terryn ◽

Steven Van Gucht ◽

Martin P Grobusch ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Booster Vaccination ◽

Long Term Memory ◽

Published Data ◽

Primary Immunization ◽

Term Memory ◽

Booster Immunization ◽

Memory Response ◽

Antibody Titers ◽

Exposure Prophylaxis

Abstract Background Published data regarding long-lasting immunological rabies memory after pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) are scarce. We tested the hypothesis that rabies booster immunization elicits rapid anamnestic responses. Methods For this observational study, we included participants who had received PrEP 10–24 years before inclusion. We measured rabies antibody titers before, and on days 3, 7, and 14 after a single intramuscular booster. Results All 28 participants responded adequately regardless of route of administration or 2-dose vs 3-dose PrEP regimen. Conclusion Rabies immunological memory is reactivated within 7 days after a single intramuscular booster immunization, even when administered 10–24 years after PrEP.

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