scholarly journals Superconducting Materials and Conductors: Fabrication and Limiting Parameters

2012 ◽  
Vol 05 ◽  
pp. 25-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luca Bottura ◽  
Arno Godeke
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature Superconductors ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Particle Accelerator ◽  
Superconducting Materials ◽  
High Energy Particle ◽  
Particle Accelerators ◽  
Energy Particle ◽  
The Past ◽  
Accelerator Magnets ◽  
Limiting Parameters

Superconductivity is the technology that enabled the construction of the most recent generation of high-energy particle accelerators, the largest scientific instruments ever built. In this review we trace the evolution of superconducting materials for particle accelerator magnets, from the first steps in the late 1960s, through the rise and glory of Nb–Ti in the 1970s, till the 2010s, and the promises of Nb3Sn for the 2020s. We conclude with a perspective on the opportunities for high-temperature superconductors (HTSs). Many such reviews have been written in the past, as witnessed by the long list of references provided. In this review we put particular emphasis on the practical aspects of wire and tape manufacturing, cabling, engineering performance, and potential for use in accelerator magnets, while leaving in the background matters such as the physics of superconductivity and fundamental material issues.

scholarly journals Safety Engineering for the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider at the Brookhaven National Laboratory

1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen V. Musolino ◽  
Steven F. Kane ◽  
Joseph W. Levesque
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Ion ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Particle Accelerator ◽  
Cryogenic System ◽  
High Energy Particle ◽  
Particle Accelerators ◽  
Safety Engineering ◽  
Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider ◽  
Energy Particle ◽  
Experimental Apparatus

Abstract The Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) is a high energy particle accelerator built to study basic nuclear physics. It consists of two counter-rotating beams of fully stripped gold ions that are accelerated in two rings to an energy of 100 GeV/nucleon. The rings consist of a circular lattice of superconducting magnets, 3.8 km in circumference. The beams can be stored for a period of five to ten hours and brought into collision for experiments during that time. The first major physics objective when the facility goes into operation is to recreate a state of matter, the quark-gluon plasma, that has been predicted to have existed at a short time after the creation of the universe. There are only a few other high energy particle accelerators like RHIC in the world. Each one is unique in design and contains systems and hazards that are not commonly found in general industry. Therefore, the designers of the machine do not always have consensus design standards and regulatory guidance available to establish the engineering parameters for safety. Some of the areas where standards are not available relate to the cryogenic system, containment of large volumes of flammable gas in fragile vessels in the experimental apparatus and mitigation of a Design Basis Accident with a stored particle beam. The ASME Code requires Charpy testing of welds at cryogenic temperature, but testing at 4 K is nearly impossible to conduct. Engineered welds were used to provide an equivalent level of safety. A cryogenic system is a process system. The RHIC system was designed first by selecting a safe operating mode, then analyzing to ensure this mode was preserved. Cryogenic systems have unique processes, and the safe mode will surprise most process engineers. The experimentalists require detectors to be designed to meet the need of the physics objectives, but the application of standard construction techniques would make research mission impossible. Unique but equivalent safety engineering must be determined. The rules promulgated in the Code of Federal Regulations under the Atomic Energy Act do not cover prompt radiation from accelerators, nor are there any State regulations that govern the design and operation of a large superconducting collider. Special design criteria for prompt radiation were developed to provide guidance for the design of radiation shielding.

New estimation method of neutron skyshine for a high-energy particle accelerator

2016 ◽  
Vol 69 (6) ◽  
pp. 1057-1064 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joo-Hee Oh ◽  
Nam-Suk Jung ◽  
Hee-Seock Lee ◽  
Seung-Kook Ko
Keyword(s):  
Estimation Method ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Particle Accelerator ◽  
High Energy Particle ◽  
Energy Particle

scholarly journals Supernovae and Single-Year Anomalies in the Atmospheric Radiocarbon Record

Radiocarbon ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 293-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Dee ◽  
Benjamin Pope ◽  
Daniel Miles ◽  
Sturt Manning ◽  
Fusa Miyake
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Radiation ◽  
High Energy ◽  
High Energy Particle ◽  
Energy Particle ◽  
The Past ◽  
Solar Events

AbstractSingle-year spikes in radiocarbon production are caused by intense bursts of radiation from space. Supernovae emit both high-energy particle and electromagnetic radiation, but it is the latter that is most likely to strike the atmosphere all at once and cause a surge in 14C production. In the 1990s, it was claimed that the supernova in 1006 CE produced exactly this effect. With the 14C spikes in the years 775 and 994 CE now attributed to extreme solar events, attention has returned to the question of whether historical supernovae are indeed detectable using annual 14C measurements. Here, we combine new and existing measurements over six documented and putative supernovae, and conclude that no such astrophysical event has yet left a distinct imprint on the past atmospheric 14C record.

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