Alternatives to single character entry and dwell time selection on eye typing

Thanks to recent technological advances in the field of eye tracking, eye typing provides means of communication for people with severe disabilities. Typing with gaze using dwell time has been made possible by the development of eye tracking technologies. Recent research indicates that pupil size is viewed as a subtle cue of people is making a decision. Therefore, it may help to infer users’ willing of typing. The present study describes the design process for improving eye typing by adding pupil size index into dwell time triggering. Experimental evaluations showed that the approach was effective; design considerations for such optimization of the gaze typing interfaces are discussed.

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Eye Movements in Gaze Interaction

Journal of Eye Movement Research ◽

10.16910/jemr.6.2.1 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Emilie Møllenbach ◽

John Paulin Hansen ◽

Martin Lillholm

Keyword(s):

Eye Movements ◽

Dwell Time ◽

Successful Completion ◽

Graphic Display ◽

Input Modality ◽

Related Research ◽

Gaze Interaction ◽

Selection Tasks ◽

Time Selection

Gaze as a sole input modality must support complex navigation and selection tasks. Gaze interaction combines specific eye movements and graphic display objects (GDOs). This paper suggests a unifying taxonomy of gaze interaction principles. The taxonomy deals with three types of eye movements: fixations, saccades and smooth pursuits and three types of GDOs: static, dynamic, or absent. This taxonomy is qualified through related research and is the first main contribution of this paper. The second part of the paper offers an experimental exploration of single stroke gaze gestures (SSGG). The main findings suggest (1) that different lengths of SSGG can be used for interaction, (2) that GDOs are not necessary for successful completion, and (3) that SSGG are comparable to dwell time selection.

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Influences of dwell time and cursor control on the performance in gaze driven typing

Journal of Eye Movement Research ◽

10.16910/jemr.2.4.3 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 2 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Jens R. Helmert ◽

Sebastian Pannasch ◽

Boris M. Velichkovsky

Keyword(s):

Dwell Time ◽

Scene Perception ◽

Selection Criterion ◽

Eye Position ◽

Cursor Control ◽

Computer Interfaces ◽

Temporal Domain ◽

Overall Performance ◽

Eye Typing ◽

Set Up

In gaze controlled computer interfaces the dwell time is often used as selection criterion. But this solution comes along with several problems, especially in the temporal domain: Eye movement studies on scene perception could demonstrate that fixations of different durations serve different purposes and should therefore be differentiated. The use of dwell time for selection implies the need to distinguish intentional selections from merely per-ceptual processes, described as the Midas touch problem. Moreover, the feedback of the actual own eye position has not yet been addressed to systematic studies in the context of usability in gaze based computer interaction. We present research on the usability of a simple eye typing set up. Different dwell time and eye position feedback configurations were tested. Our results indicate that smoothing raw eye position and temporal delays in visual feedback enhance the system's functionality and usability. Best overall performance was obtained with a dwell time of 500 ms.

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