Optimizing Gaze Typing with Pupil Size for People with Severe Motor Disabilities

2014 ◽  
Vol 644-650 ◽  
pp. 1330-1333
Author(s):  
Xiang Sheng Wang
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Pupil Size ◽  
Dwell Time ◽  
Severe Disabilities ◽  
Motor Disabilities ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Severe Motor ◽  
Eye Typing ◽  
Effective Design

Thanks to recent technological advances in the field of eye tracking, eye typing provides means of communication for people with severe disabilities. Typing with gaze using dwell time has been made possible by the development of eye tracking technologies. Recent research indicates that pupil size is viewed as a subtle cue of people is making a decision. Therefore, it may help to infer users’ willing of typing. The present study describes the design process for improving eye typing by adding pupil size index into dwell time triggering. Experimental evaluations showed that the approach was effective; design considerations for such optimization of the gaze typing interfaces are discussed.

scholarly journals Clinicians’ gaze behaviour in simulated paediatric emergencies

2018 ◽  
Vol 103 (12) ◽  
pp. 1146-1149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben McNaughten ◽  
Caroline Hart ◽  
Stephen Gallagher ◽  
Carol Junk ◽  
Patricia Coulter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Paediatric Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Dwell Time ◽  
Educational Tool ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Paediatric Emergency ◽  
Gaze Behaviour ◽  
Areas Of Interest ◽  
Potential Use

AimDifferences in the gaze behaviour of experts and novices are described in aviation and surgery. This study sought to describe the gaze behaviour of clinicians from different training backgrounds during a simulated paediatric emergency.MethodsClinicians from four clinical areas undertook a simulated emergency. Participants wore SMI (SensoMotoric Instruments) eye tracking glasses. We measured the fixation count and dwell time on predefined areas of interest and the time taken to key clinical interventions.ResultsPaediatric intensive care unit (PICU) consultants performed best and focused longer on the chest and airway. Paediatric consultants and trainees spent longer looking at the defibrillator and algorithm (51 180 ms and 50 551 ms, respectively) than the PICU and paediatric emergency medicine consultants.ConclusionsThis study is the first to describe differences in the gaze behaviour between experts and novices in a resuscitation. They mirror those described in aviation and surgery. Further research is needed to evaluate the potential use of eye tracking as an educational tool.

scholarly journals A gaze-based interactive system to explore artwork imagery

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piercarlo Dondi ◽  
Marco Porta ◽  
Angelo Donvito ◽  
Giovanni Volpe
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Assistive Technology ◽  
Scientific Information ◽  
Regions Of Interest ◽  
Interactive System ◽  
Multimedia Content ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Impaired People ◽  
The Common ◽  
Safety Guidelines

AbstractInteractive and immersive technologies can significantly enhance the fruition of museums and exhibits. Several studies have proved that multimedia installations can attract visitors, presenting cultural and scientific information in an appealing way. In this article, we present our workflow for achieving a gaze-based interaction with artwork imagery. We designed both a tool for creating interactive “gaze-aware” images and an eye tracking application conceived to interact with those images with the gaze. Users can display different pictures, perform pan and zoom operations, and search for regions of interest with associated multimedia content (text, image, audio, or video). Besides being an assistive technology for motor impaired people (like most gaze-based interaction applications), our solution can also be a valid alternative to the common touch screen panels present in museums, in accordance with the new safety guidelines imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic. Experiments carried out with a panel of volunteer testers have shown that the tool is usable, effective, and easy to learn.

The Use of Eye Tracking to Discern the Threshold at Which Metopic Orbitofrontal Deformity Attracts Attention

2020 ◽  
Vol 57 (12) ◽  
pp. 1392-1401
Author(s):  
Mark P. Pressler ◽  
Emily L. Geisler ◽  
Rami R. Hallac ◽  
James R. Seaward ◽  
Alex A. Kane
Keyword(s):  
Surgical Treatment ◽  
Graduate Students ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Dwell Time ◽  
Surgical Intervention ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Average Dwell Time ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Gaze Patterns ◽  
Areas Of Interest

Introduction and Objectives: Surgical treatment for trigonocephaly aims to eliminate a stigmatizing deformity, yet the severity that captures unwanted attention is unknown. Surgeons intervene at different points of severity, eliciting controversy. This study used eye tracking to investigate when deformity is perceived. Material and Methods: Three-dimensional photogrammetric images of a normal child and a child with trigonocephaly were mathematically deformed, in 10% increments, to create a spectrum of 11 images. These images were shown to participants using an eye tracker. Participants’ gaze patterns were analyzed, and participants were asked if each image looked “normal” or “abnormal.” Results: Sixty-six graduate students were recruited. Average dwell time toward pathologic areas of interest (AOIs) increased proportionally, from 0.77 ± 0.33 seconds at 0% deformity to 1.08 ± 0.75 seconds at 100% deformity ( P < .0001). A majority of participants did not agree an image looked “abnormal” until 90% deformity from any angle. Conclusion: Eye tracking can be used as a proxy for attention threshold toward orbitofrontal deformity. The amount of attention toward orbitofrontal AOIs increased proportionally with severity. Participants did not generally agree there was “abnormality” until deformity was severe. This study supports the assertion that surgical intervention may be best reserved for more severe deformity.

An eye-tracking study on the effect of infographic structures on viewer’s comprehension and cognitive load

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 257-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Azam Majooni ◽  
Mona Masood ◽  
Amir Akhavan
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Cognitive Load ◽  
Pupil Diameter ◽  
Information Graphics ◽  
Basic Premise ◽  
Quantitative Evidence ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Movement Data ◽  
Graphical Design ◽  
Tracking Devices

The basic premise of this research is investigating the effect of layout on the comprehension and cognitive load of the viewers in the information graphics. The term ‘Layout’ refers to the arrangement and organization of the visual and textual elements in a graphical design. The experiment conducted in this study is designed based on two stories and each one of these stories is presented with two different layouts. During the experiment, eye-tracking devices are applied to collect the gaze data including the eye movement data and pupil diameter fluctuation. In the research on the modification of the layouts, contents of each story are narrated using identical visual and textual elements. The analysis of eye-tracking data provides quantitative evidence concerning the change of layout in each story and its effect on the comprehension of participants and variation of their cognitive load. In conclusion, it can be claimed that the comprehension from the zigzag form of the layout was higher with a less imposed cognitive load.

scholarly journals Gazing at the partner in musical trios: a mobile eye-tracking study

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Vandemoortele ◽  
Kurt Feyaerts ◽  
Mark Reybrouck ◽  
Geert De Bièvre ◽  
Geert Brône ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Nonverbal Communication ◽  
The Other ◽  
Contrasting Cases ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Gaze Behaviour ◽  
Current Article ◽  
The One ◽  
Mobile Eye Tracking ◽  
Initial Exploration

Few investigations into the nonverbal communication in ensemble playing have focused on gaze behaviour up to now. In this study, the gaze behaviour of musicians playing in trios was recorded using the recently developed technique of mobile eye-tracking. Four trios (clarinet, violin, piano) were recorded while rehearsing and while playing several runs through the same musical fragment. The current article reports on an initial exploration of the data in which we describe how often gazing at the partner occurred. On the one hand, we aim to identify possible contrasting cases. On the other, we look for tendencies across the run-throughs. We discuss the quantified gaze behaviour in relation to the existing literature and the current research design.

Irrelevant Robot Signals in a Categorization Task Induce Cognitive Conflict in Performance, Eye Trajectories, the N2 ERP-EEG Component, and Frontal Theta Oscillations

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Jairo Perez-Osorio ◽  
Abdulaziz Abubshait ◽  
Agnieszka Wykowska
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Cognitive Conflict ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Error Rates ◽  
Gaze Shift ◽  
Categorization Task ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Spectral Perturbation ◽  
Trial Participants ◽  
Lateral Head

Abstract Understanding others' nonverbal behavior is essential for social interaction, as it allows, among others, to infer mental states. Although gaze communication, a well-established nonverbal social behavior, has shown its importance in inferring others' mental states, not much is known about the effects of irrelevant gaze signals on cognitive conflict markers during collaborative settings. Here, participants completed a categorization task where they categorized objects based on their color while observing images of a robot. On each trial, participants observed the robot iCub grasping an object from a table and offering it to them to simulate a handover. Once the robot “moved” the object forward, participants were asked to categorize the object according to its color. Before participants were allowed to respond, the robot made a lateral head/gaze shift. The gaze shifts were either congruent or incongruent with the object's color. We expected that incongruent head cues would induce more errors (Study 1), would be associated with more curvature in eye-tracking trajectories (Study 2), and induce larger amplitude in electrophysiological markers of cognitive conflict (Study 3). Results of the three studies show more oculomotor interference as measured in error rates (Study 1), larger curvatures eye-tracking trajectories (Study 2), and higher amplitudes of the N2 ERP of the EEG signals as well as higher event-related spectral perturbation amplitudes (Study 3) for incongruent trials compared with congruent trials. Our findings reveal that behavioral, ocular, and electrophysiological markers can index the influence of irrelevant signals during goal-oriented tasks.

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