Epstein–Barr Virus and Cancer

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul J. Farrell
Keyword(s):  
Small Rnas ◽  
Epstein Barr Virus ◽  
Sequence Variation ◽  
Human Cancer ◽  
Virus Genome ◽  
Gene Products ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Viral Genes ◽  
Infected Cells ◽  
Epstein Barr

Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) contributes to about 1.5% of all cases of human cancer worldwide, and viral genes are expressed in the malignant cells. EBV also very efficiently causes the proliferation of infected human B lymphocytes. The functions of the viral proteins and small RNAs that may contribute to EBV-associated cancers are becoming increasingly clear, and a broader understanding of the sequence variation of the virus genome has helped to interpret their roles. The improved understanding of the mechanisms of these cancers means that there are great opportunities for the early diagnosis of treatable stages of EBV-associated cancers and the use of immunotherapy to target EBV-infected cells or overcome immune evasion. There is also scope for preventing disease by immunization and for developing therapeutic agents that target the EBV gene products expressed in the cancers.

Calcium modulation activates Epstein-Barr virus genome in latently infected cells

Science ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 232 (4757) ◽  
pp. 1554-1556 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Faggioni ◽  
C Zompetta ◽  
S Grimaldi ◽  
G Barile ◽  
L Frati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Epstein Barr Virus ◽  
Virus Genome ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Calcium Modulation ◽  
Latently Infected ◽  
Infected Cells ◽  
Epstein Barr

scholarly journals Activation of Epstein-Barr virus replication in Hodgkin and Reed- Sternberg cells

Blood ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 78 (5) ◽  
pp. 1162-1165
Author(s):  
G Pallesen ◽  
K Sandvej ◽  
SJ Hamilton-Dutoit ◽  
M Rowe ◽  
LS Young
Keyword(s):  
Epstein Barr Virus ◽  
Viral Latency ◽  
Virus Genome ◽  
Latent Membrane Protein ◽  
Gene Products ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Membrane Antigens ◽  
Ebv Dna ◽  
Epstein Barr ◽  
Cryostat Sections

Recent evidence has shown that Hodgkin's disease (HD) is associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in a substantial number of cases and that in these cases EBV DNA is localized exclusively to Hodgkin and Reed- Sternberg (RS) cells. The virus genome is not silent in RS cells because two EBV latent gene products, latent membrane protein (LMP) and EB early region (EBER) transcripts, have recently been reported to be expressed in RS cells. However, little information is available about the possible activation of EBV replicative genes in HD. This prompted us to investigate HD biopsies from 96 patients for expression of replicative gene products. Cryostat sections were immunostained with monoclonal antibodies to protein BZLF1, which controls the switch between EBV latency and replication, and also to LMP. LMP was demonstrated in RS cells in 47 cases (49%). Three of the LMP-positive cases (6%), but none of the LMP-negative cases, expressed the BZLF1 protein. BZLF1 positively was confined to rare RS cells. These three cases showed no detectable early, virus capsid, or membrane antigens. Our findings show that activation of EBV immediate early genes occurs only infrequently in RS cells, indicating that control of viral latency is not severely impaired in HD patients.

scholarly journals Do Epstein–Barr Virus Mutations and Natural Genome Sequence Variations Contribute to Disease?

Biomolecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
Paul J. Farrell ◽  
Robert E. White
Keyword(s):  
Genome Sequence ◽  
Epstein Barr Virus ◽  
Sequence Variation ◽  
Virus Genome ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Ebv Infection ◽  
Sequence Variations ◽  
The World ◽  
Epstein Barr ◽  
Different Parts

Most of the world’s population is infected by the Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), but the incidence of the diseases associated with EBV infection differs greatly in different parts of the world. Many factors may determine those differences, but variation in the virus genome is likely to be a contributing factor for some of the diseases. Here, we describe the main forms of EBV genome sequence variation, and the mechanisms by which variations in the virus genome are likely to contribute to disease. EBV genome deletions or polymorphisms can also provide useful markers for monitoring disease. If some EBV strains prove to be more pathogenic than others, this suggests the possible value of immunising people against infection by those pathogenic strains.

scholarly journals Burkitt Lymphomas Evolve to Escape Dependencies on Epstein-Barr Virus

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca L. Hutcheson ◽  
Adityarup Chakravorty ◽  
Bill Sugden
Keyword(s):  
Burkitt Lymphoma ◽  
Epstein Barr Virus ◽  
Mutational Analysis ◽  
Mechanistic Studies ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Immune Pressure ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Viral Genes ◽  
Infected Cells ◽  
Epstein Barr

Epstein–Barr Virus (EBV) can transform B cells and contributes to the development of Burkitt lymphoma and other cancers. Through decades of study, we now recognize that many of the viral genes required to transform cells are not expressed in EBV-positive Burkitt lymphoma (BL) tumors, likely due to the immune pressure exerted on infected cells. This recognition has led to the hypothesis that the loss of expression of these viral genes must be compensated through some mechanisms. Recent progress in genome-wide mutational analysis of tumors provides a wealth of data about the cellular mutations found in EBV-positive BLs. Here, we review common cellular mutations found in these tumors and consider how they may compensate for the viral genes that are no longer expressed. Understanding these mutations and how they may substitute for EBV’s genes and contribute to lymphomagenesis can serve as a launchpad for more mechanistic studies, which will help us navigate the sea of genomic data available today, and direct the discoveries necessary to improve the treatment of EBV-positive BLs.

scholarly journals Activation of Epstein-Barr virus replication in Hodgkin and Reed- Sternberg cells

Blood ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 78 (5) ◽  
pp. 1162-1165 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Pallesen ◽  
K Sandvej ◽  
SJ Hamilton-Dutoit ◽  
M Rowe ◽  
LS Young
Keyword(s):  
Epstein Barr Virus ◽  
Viral Latency ◽  
Virus Genome ◽  
Latent Membrane Protein ◽  
Gene Products ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Membrane Antigens ◽  
Ebv Dna ◽  
Epstein Barr ◽  
Cryostat Sections

Abstract Recent evidence has shown that Hodgkin's disease (HD) is associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in a substantial number of cases and that in these cases EBV DNA is localized exclusively to Hodgkin and Reed- Sternberg (RS) cells. The virus genome is not silent in RS cells because two EBV latent gene products, latent membrane protein (LMP) and EB early region (EBER) transcripts, have recently been reported to be expressed in RS cells. However, little information is available about the possible activation of EBV replicative genes in HD. This prompted us to investigate HD biopsies from 96 patients for expression of replicative gene products. Cryostat sections were immunostained with monoclonal antibodies to protein BZLF1, which controls the switch between EBV latency and replication, and also to LMP. LMP was demonstrated in RS cells in 47 cases (49%). Three of the LMP-positive cases (6%), but none of the LMP-negative cases, expressed the BZLF1 protein. BZLF1 positively was confined to rare RS cells. These three cases showed no detectable early, virus capsid, or membrane antigens. Our findings show that activation of EBV immediate early genes occurs only infrequently in RS cells, indicating that control of viral latency is not severely impaired in HD patients.

Epstein-Barr Virus Genome Activation in Latently Infected Cells by Calcium Ionophores

1987 ◽  
pp. 309-312
Author(s):  
A. Faggioni ◽  
J. Lazdins ◽  
C. Zompetta ◽  
S. Grimaldi ◽  
G. Barile ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Epstein Barr Virus ◽  
Virus Genome ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Latently Infected ◽  
Infected Cells ◽  
Epstein Barr ◽  
Genome Activation

Transcription of the Epstein-Barr virus genome in productively infected cells

Virology ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 124 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shigeo Shin ◽  
Akiko Tanaka ◽  
Meihan Nonoyama
Keyword(s):  
Epstein Barr Virus ◽  
Virus Genome ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Infected Cells ◽  
Epstein Barr

Studies of Epstein-Barr Virus Antigens Using Immunoperoxidase and Immunofluorescence Techniques

1975 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 342-343
Author(s):  
R. Stephens ◽  
K. Traul ◽  
D. Woolf ◽  
P. Gaudreau
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma ◽  
Epstein Barr Virus ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
If Technique ◽  
Infected Cells ◽  
Virus Antigens ◽  
Epstein Barr ◽  
Virus Capsid Antigen ◽  
Antigen Reactivity

A number of antigens have been found associated with persistent EBV infections of lymphoblastoid cells. Identification and localization of these antigens were principally by immunofluorescence (IF) techniques using sera from patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), Burkitt lymphoma (BL), and infectious mononucleosis (IM). Our study was mainly with three of the EBV related antigens, a) virus capsid antigen (VCA), b) membrane antigen (MA), and c) early antigens (EA) using immunoperoxidase (IP) techniques with electron microscopy (EM) to elucidate the sites of reactivity with EBV and EBV infected cells.Prior to labeling with horseradish peroxidase (HRP), sera from NPC, IM, and BL cases were characterized for various reactivities by the indirect IF technique. Modifications of the direct IP procedure described by Shabo and the indirect IP procedure of Leduc were made to enhance penetration of the cells and preservation of antigen reactivity.

Epstein-Barr virus as the cause of a human cancer

Nature ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 274 (5673) ◽  
pp. 740-740 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Epstein
Keyword(s):  
Epstein Barr Virus ◽  
Human Cancer ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Epstein Barr
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