Fourth generation e-cigarette vaping induces transient lung inflammation and gas exchange disturbances: results from two randomized clinical trials

When heated by an electronic cigarette, propylene glycol and glycerol produce a nicotine-carrying-aerosol. This hygroscopic/hyperosmolar aerosol can deposit deep within the lung. Whether these deposits trigger local inflammation and disturb pulmonary gas exchanges is not known. The aim of this study was to assess the acute effects of high-wattage electronic cigarette vaping with or without nicotine on lung inflammation biomarkers, transcutaneous gas tensions, and pulmonary function tests in young and healthy tobacco smokers. Acute effects of vaping without nicotine on arterial blood gas tensions were also assessed in heavy smokers suspected of coronary artery disease. Using a single-blind within-subjects study design, 25 young tobacco smokers underwent three experimental sessions in random order: sham-vaping and vaping with and without nicotine at 60 W. Twenty heavy smokers were also exposed to sham-vaping ( n = 10) or vaping without nicotine ( n = 10) in an open-label, randomized parallel study. In the young tobacco smokers, compared with sham-vaping: 1) serum club cell protein-16 increased after vaping without nicotine (mean ± SE, −0.5 ± 0.2 vs. +1.1 ± 0.3 µg/l, P = 0.013) and vaping with nicotine (+1.2 ± 0.3 µg/l, P = 0.009); 2) transcutaneous oxygen tension decreased for 60 min after vaping without nicotine (nadir, −0.3 ± 1 vs. −15.3 ± 2.3 mmHg, P < 0.001) and for 80-min after vaping with nicotine (nadir, −19.6 ± 2.8 mmHg, P < 0.001). Compared with sham vaping, vaping without nicotine decreased arterial oxygen tension for 5 min in heavy-smoking patients (+5.4 ± 3.3 vs. −5.4 ± 1.9 mmHg, P = 0.012). Acute vaping of propylene glycol/glycerol aerosol at high wattage with or without nicotine induces airway epithelial injury and sustained decrement in transcutaneous oxygen tension in young tobacco smokers. Intense vaping conditions also transiently impair arterial oxygen tension in heavy smokers.

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120: Comparison of transcutaneous oxygen tension (tcPO2) and arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) in newborn infants

Pediatric Research ◽

10.1203/00006450-197610000-00111 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 10 (10) ◽

pp. 890-890 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

P Jolly ◽

E O R Reynolds ◽

L P Soutter

Keyword(s):

Oxygen Tension ◽

Newborn Infants ◽

Arterial Oxygen Tension ◽

Arterial Oxygen ◽

Transcutaneous Oxygen Tension ◽

Transcutaneous Oxygen

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Transcutaneous Determination of Arterial Oxygen Tension

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.55.2.224 ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 55 (2) ◽

pp. 224-231

Author(s):

A. Fenner ◽

R. Müller ◽

H. G. Busse ◽

M. Junge ◽

J. Wolfsdorf

Keyword(s):

Oxygen Tension ◽

Newborn Infants ◽

Arterial Oxygen Tension ◽

Correlation Coefficients ◽

Arterial Oxygen ◽

Transcutaneous Oxygen Tension ◽

Term Infants ◽

Transcutaneous Oxygen ◽

Developed Surface ◽

Cutaneous Perfusion

Arterial oxygen tension measurements were performed simultaneously using two different techniques: (1) the conventional method of analyzing a blood sample obtained from the radial artery by means of a Clark electrode and (2) a new method of transcutaneous oxygen tension recording using a newly developed surface electrode containing a built-in heating device to ensure optimal cutaneous perfusion at the site of measurement. Two groups of newborn infants were used as subjects: (1) 70 clinically healthy babies who were tested during normoxia and hyperoxia (breathing 80% to 100% oxygen) and (2) 20 sick preterm and term infants receiving inspired oxygen concentrations of between 21% and 100% during the measurement. Our results indicate a satisfactory accuracy for the transcutaneous oxygen tension measurements in normoxia and hyperoxia (percentage coefficient of variation, 15.9% and 24.1%, respectively). In hypoxia agreement between the two methods varies depending on the degree of circulatory derangement. Overall correlation coefficients were greater than 0.85 in each group.

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Continuous comparison of in vitro and in vivo-calibrated transcutaneous oxygen tension (tcPO2) with arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) in infants with respiratory illnesses

Pediatric Research ◽

10.1203/00006450-197901000-00072 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 81-81 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

M J Pollitzer ◽

A K Morgan ◽

E O R Reynolds ◽

L P Soutter ◽

D Parker

Keyword(s):

Oxygen Tension ◽

Arterial Oxygen Tension ◽

Arterial Oxygen ◽

Transcutaneous Oxygen Tension ◽

Transcutaneous Oxygen ◽

Respiratory Illnesses

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Comparison of Transcutaneous Oxygen Tension With Arterial Oxygen Tension in Newborn Infants With Severe Respiratory Illnesses

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.62.5.692 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 62 (5) ◽

pp. 692-697 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Peter N. le Souëf ◽

Andrew K. Morgan ◽

Linda P. Soutter ◽

E. Osmund R. Reynolds ◽

Dawood Parker

Keyword(s):

Oxygen Tension ◽

Newborn Infants ◽

Arterial Oxygen Tension ◽

Oxygen Electrode ◽

Electrode Site ◽

Arterial Oxygen ◽

Transcutaneous Oxygen ◽

Skin Changes ◽

Respiratory Illnesses

Transcutaneous oxygen tesion (tcPO2), measured by two skin electrodes of different design, and arterial oxygen tension (PaO2), measured by an intravascular oxygen electrode, were continuously recorded for periods of six hours in 15 newborn infants with serious respiratory illnesses. Ten of the infants needed mechanical ventilation and three needed continuous positive airway pressure. One skin electrode had three microcathodes surrounded by a heated ring-shaped anode, and the other had a large heated cathode. The temperature of both electrodes was set at 44°C and they were calibrated in vitro. The tcPO2 recorded by the electrode with the microcathodes was found to estimate PaO2 reasonably accurately for the whole six-hour duration of the study. The tcPO2 recorded by the electrode with the large cathode gave a similar estimate of PaO2. for three hours, but then tcPO2. often fell relative to PaO2. This fall was probably caused by skin changes at the electrode site. For a variety of reasons, our results suggest that measurement of tcPO2. is unlikely to replace continuous intravascular measurement of PaO2. in infants with severe respiratory illnesses.

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Effect of Electrode Temperature and in Vivo Calibration on Accuracy of Transcutaneous Estimation of Arterial Oxygen Tension in Infants

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.65.3.515 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 65 (3) ◽

pp. 515-522

Author(s):

Melanie J. Pollitzer ◽

Michelle D. Whitehead ◽

E. Osmund R. Reynolds ◽

David Delpy

Keyword(s):

Oxygen Tension ◽

Newborn Infants ◽

Arterial Oxygen Tension ◽

Oxygen Electrode ◽

Arterial Oxygen ◽

Optimal Temperature ◽

Transcutaneous Oxygen ◽

Skin Electrodes ◽

In Vivo Calibration

Previous studies showed that a skin oxygen electrode with a macrocathode, when heated to 43 C, underestimated arterial oxygen tension (Pao2). At 44 C the skin was damaged. The purpose of the present study was to assess the accuracy of the macrocathode electrode when set at 43.5 C. Transcutaneous oxygen tension (tcPo2) recorded by the macrocathode electrode at 43.5 C was compared with Pao2 measured continuously with an intravascular oxygen electrode, and with tcPo2 recorded by a microcathode electrode which has been shown earlier to work well at a temperature of 44 C. Both the skin electrodes were calibrated in vitro and in vivo. Particular attention was given to the details of calibration. Twelve newborn infants with respiratory illnesses were studied, each for six hours. Transcutaneous Po2 recorded by both skin electrodes was found to estimate Pao2 resonably accurately for the entire six-hour duration of the study, with the exception of a large and unexplained overestimation of Pao2 by the macrocathode electrode in one infant. This overestimation was corrected by in vivo calibration. Serious skin lesions were not seen after the skin electrodes were removed. We conclude that (1) The temperature setting of skin electrodes is crucial to their satisfactory performance. (2) For use on newborn infants, 43.5 C is the optimal temperature for the macrocathode electrode. (3) The optimal temperature for the microcathode electrode was confirmed as 44 C. (4) At these temperatures, both electrodes could be left on the same site on the skin for six hours. (5) Periodic in vivo calibration of skin electrodes is advisable.

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