Nasal and laryngeal reflex responses to negative upper airway pressure

1984 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 746-752 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. van Lunteren ◽  
W. B. Van de Graaff ◽  
D. M. Parker ◽  
J. Mitra ◽  
M. A. Haxhiu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Negative Pressure ◽  
Muscle Activity ◽  
Moving Average ◽  
Superior Laryngeal Nerve ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Laryngeal Nerve ◽  
Topical Anesthesia ◽  
Inspiratory Activity ◽  
Posterior Cricoarytenoid ◽  
Upper Airway Muscles

The effects of negative pressure applied to just the upper airway on nasal and laryngeal muscle activity were studied in 14 spontaneously breathing anesthetized dogs. Moving average electromyograms were recorded from the alae nasi (AN) and posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA) muscles and compared with those of the genioglossus (GG) and diaphragm. The duration of inspiration and the length of inspiratory activity of all upper airway muscles was increased in a graded manner proportional to the amount of negative pressure applied. Phasic activation of upper airway muscles preceded inspiratory activity of the diaphragm under control conditions; upper airway negative pressure increased this amount of preactivation. Peak diaphragm activity was unchanged with negative pressure, although the rate of rise of muscle activity decreased. The average increases in peak upper airway muscle activity in response to all levels of negative pressure were 18 +/- 4% for the AN, 27 +/- 7% for the PCA, and 122 +/- 31% for the GG (P less than 0.001). Rates of rise of AN and PCA electrical activity increased at higher levels of negative pressure. Nasal negative pressure affected the AN more than the PCA, while laryngeal negative pressure had the opposite effect. The effects of nasal negative pressure could be abolished by topical anesthesia of the nasal passages, while the effects of laryngeal negative pressure could be abolished by either topical anesthesia of the larynx or section of the superior laryngeal nerve. Electrical stimulation of the superior laryngeal nerve caused depression of AN and PCA activity, and hence does not reproduce the effects of negative pressure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Upper airway negative-pressure effects on respiratory activity of upper airway muscles

1984 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 500-505 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. P. Mathew
Keyword(s):  
Negative Pressure ◽  
Respiratory Activity ◽  
Superior Laryngeal Nerve ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Pressure Change ◽  
Pressure Effects ◽  
Rapid Decline ◽  
Airway Patency ◽  
Inspiratory Activity ◽  
Upper Airway Muscles

Influence of upper airway negative-pressure change on the respiratory activity of various upper airway muscles was investigated in 13 anesthetized rabbits. Phasic inspiratory activity increased or appeared during virtually all negative-pressure trials in nasolabial, cricothyroid, and posterior cricoarytenoid muscles. No phasic inspiratory activity was seen in the sternothyroid (ST) and sternohyoid (SH) muscles before negative-pressure applications but appeared during 80% of trials in ST and 62% of trials in SH. During maintained negative pressure, a gradual decline in activity was often observed in the nasolabial and laryngeal muscles, whereas a rapid decline in activity was seen in the cervical strap muscles. Reflex effects of negative pressure was markedly reduced or abolished by sectioning the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve bilaterally. Reflex augmentation of upper airway muscle activity reported here may have functional significance in the maintenance of upper airway patency. It could prevent upper airway collapse when negative pressure swings in the upper airway increase or facilitate recovery when large negative pressure swings are produced by obstructed inspiratory efforts.

Phasic volume-related feedback on upper airway muscle activity

1984 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 730-736 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. van Lunteren ◽  
K. P. Strohl ◽  
D. M. Parker ◽  
E. N. Bruce ◽  
W. B. Van de Graaff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Activity ◽  
Phrenic Nerve ◽  
Muscle Activity ◽  
Moving Average ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Single Breath ◽  
Early Peak ◽  
Posterior Cricoarytenoid ◽  
Upper Airway Muscles ◽  
Spontaneously Breathing

The effects of vagally mediated volume-related feedback on the activity of upper airway muscles was assessed in nine pentobarbital-anesthetized, tracheostomized, spontaneously breathing dogs. Moving average electrical activity was recorded before and during single-breath airway occlusions from the genioglossus, posterior cricoarytenoid, and alae nasi muscles and compared with simultaneously recorded tidal volume and electrical activity of the phrenic nerve (6 dogs) or diaphragm (3 dogs). The normally early peak of upper airway muscle activity during unoccluded breaths was delayed to late or end inspiration during occluded breaths. Inspiratory depression started at a lower volume above end-expiratory volume and at an earlier time after inspiratory onset for the upper airway muscles than for the phrenic nerve and the diaphragm. The amount of depression at the end of inspiratory airflow was larger for all of the upper airway muscles than for the phrenic nerve and diaphragm. Depressive effects were most prominent in the genioglossus, followed by the posterior cricoarytenoid and the alae nasi. After vagotomy, depressive effects of volume-related feedback were no longer seen. These results suggest that activity of the upper airway muscles is modulated by vagally mediated feedback, apparently to a larger extent than that of the diaphragm and phrenic nerve.

Effects of Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Transection and Vagotomy on Respiratory Contraction of the Cricothyroid Muscle

1989 ◽  
Vol 98 (5) ◽  
pp. 373-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gayle E. Woodson
Keyword(s):  
Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve ◽  
Superior Laryngeal Nerve ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Vocal Folds ◽  
Laryngeal Nerve ◽  
Electromyographic Activity ◽  
Airway Occlusion ◽  
Cricothyroid Muscle ◽  
Bilateral Vagotomy ◽  
Posterior Cricoarytenoid

The cricothyroid muscle (CT) appears to be an accessory muscle of respiration. Phasic inspiratory contraction is stimulated by increasing respiratory demand. Reflex activation of the CT may be responsible for the paramedian position of the vocal folds, and hence airway obstruction, in patients with bilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) paralysis. Previous research has demonstrated the influence of superior laryngeal nerve (SLN) afferents on CT activity. The present study addresses the effects of vagal and RLN afferents. Electromyographic activity of the CT and right posterior cricoarytenoid muscle was monitored in anesthetized cats during tracheotomy breathing and in response to tracheal or upper airway occlusion in the intact animal. This was repeated following left RLN transection, bilateral vagotomy, and bilateral SLN transection. Vagotomy abolished CT response to tracheal occlusion and markedly reduced the response to upper airway occlusion. Vocal fold position following RLN transection appeared to correlate with CT activity; however, observed changes were minor.

Effect of upper airway negative pressure and lung inflation on laryngeal motor unit activity in rabbit

2002 ◽  
Vol 92 (1) ◽  
pp. 269-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Ryan ◽  
Walter T. McNicholas ◽  
Ronan G. O'Regan ◽  
Philip Nolan
Keyword(s):  
Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve ◽  
Motor Unit ◽  
Unit Activity ◽  
Negative Pressure ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Motor Units ◽  
Laryngeal Nerve ◽  
Lung Inflation ◽  
Inspiratory Activity ◽  
Vagal Bradycardia

10.1152/japplphysiol.00413.2001.—Distortion of the upper airway by negative transmural pressure (UANP) causes reflex vagal bradycardia. This requires activation of cardiac vagal preganglionic neurons, which exhibit postinspiratory (PI) discharge. We hypothesized that UANP would also stimulate cranial respiratory motoneurons with PI activity. We recorded 32 respiratory modulated motor units from the recurrent laryngeal nerve of seven decerebrate paralyzed rabbits and recorded their responses to UANP and to withholding lung inflation using a phrenic-triggered ventilator. The phasic inspiratory ( n = 17) and PI ( n = 5) neurons detected were stimulated by −10 cmH2O UANP and by withdrawal of lung inflation ( P < 0.05, Friedman's ANOVA). Expiratory-inspiratory units ( n = 10) were tonically active but transiently inhibited in postinspiration; this inhibition was more pronounced and prolonged during UANP stimuli and during no-inflation tests ( P < 0.05). We conclude that, in addition to increasing inspiratory activity in the recurrent laryngeal nerve, UANP also stimulates units with PI activity.

Posterior cricoarytenoid muscle activity during wakefulness and sleep in normal adults

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 1746-1754 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. T. Kuna ◽  
J. S. Smickley ◽  
G. Insalaco
Keyword(s):  
Vocal Cord ◽  
Muscle Activity ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Nrem Sleep ◽  
Tonic Activity ◽  
Quiet Breathing ◽  
Phasic Activity ◽  
Inspiratory Activity ◽  
Posterior Cricoarytenoid ◽  
Normal Adults

Six normal adults were studied 1) to compare respiratory-related posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA) muscle activity during wakefulness and sleep and 2) to determine the effect of upper airway occlusions during non-rapid-eye-movement (NREM) sleep on PCA activity. A new electromyographic technique was developed to implant hooked-wire electrodes into the PCA by using a nasopharyngoscope. A previously described technique was used to induce upper airway occlusions during NREM sleep (Kuna and Smickley, J. Appl. Physiol. 64: 347-353, 1988). The PCA exhibited phasic inspiratory activity during quiet breathing in wakefulness and sleep in all subjects. Discounting changes in tonic activity, peak amplitude of PCA inspiratory activity during stage 3-4 NREM sleep decreased to 77% of its value in wakefulness. Tonic activity throughout the respiratory cycle was present in all subjects during wakefulness but was absent during state 3-4 NREM sleep. In this sleep stage, PCA phasic activity abruptly terminated near the end of inspiration. During nasal airway occlusions in NREM sleep, PCA phasic activity did not increase significantly during the first or second occluded effort. The results, in combination with recent findings for vocal cord adductors in awake and sleeping adults, suggest that vocal cord position during quiet breathing in wakefulness is actively controlled by simultaneously acting antagonistic intrinsic laryngeal muscles. In contrast, the return of the vocal cords toward the midline during expiration in stage 3-4 NREM sleep appears to be a passive phenomenon.

scholarly journals Modulation of laryngeal and respiratory pump muscle activities with upper airway pressure and flow

2001 ◽  
Vol 91 (2) ◽  
pp. 897-904 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. H. Stella ◽  
S. J. England
Keyword(s):  
Negative Pressure ◽  
Muscle Activity ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Abdominal Muscle ◽  
Positive Pressure ◽  
Emg Activity ◽  
Posterior Cricoarytenoid ◽  
Spontaneously Breathing ◽  
Respiratory Muscle Activity ◽  
Stimulation Of

The hypothesis that upper airway (UA) pressure and flow modulate respiratory muscle activity in a respiratory phase-specific fashion was assessed in anesthetized, tracheotomized, spontaneously breathing piglets. We generated negative pressure and inspiratory flow in phase with tracheal inspiration or positive pressure and expiratory flow in phase with tracheal expiration in the isolated UA. Stimulation of UA negative pressure receptors with body temperature air resulted in a 10–15% enhancement of phasic moving-time-averaged posterior cricoarytenoid electromyographic (EMG) activity above tonic levels obtained without pressure and flow in the UA (baseline). Stimulation of UA positive pressure receptors increased phasic moving-time-averaged thyroarytenoid EMG activity above tonic levels by 45% from baseline. The same enhancement of posterior cricoarytenoid or thyroarytenoid EMG activity was observed with the addition of flow receptor stimulation with room temperature air. Tidal volume and diaphragmatic and abdominal muscle activity were unaffected by UA flow and/or pressure, whereas respiratory timing was minimally affected. We conclude that laryngeal afferents, mainly from pressure receptors, are important in modulating the respiratory activity of laryngeal muscles.

Effect of Almitrine on Ventilation and on Diaphragm and Geniohyoid Muscle Activity in the Rat

1996 ◽  
Vol 91 (3) ◽  
pp. 337-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ken D. O'halloran ◽  
Aidan K. Curran ◽  
Aidan Bradford
Keyword(s):  
Tidal Volume ◽  
Muscle Activity ◽  
Ventilatory Response ◽  
Minute Ventilation ◽  
Superior Laryngeal Nerve ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Laryngeal Nerve ◽  
Respiratory Frequency ◽  
Diaphragm Muscle ◽  
Arterial Blood

1. Ventilation was measured during normoxia, hypoxia and hypercapnia before and after administration of almitrine in conscious, unrestrained, tracheostomized rats with the superior laryngeal nerves intact or cut. In superior laryngeal nerve-intact animals breathing air, almitrine increased minute ventilation due to an increase in respiratory frequency with no change in tidal volume. In superior laryngeal nerve-sectioned animals, the minute ventilatory response to almitrine was reduced due to a reduced tidal volume component of the response. Almitrine increased the ventilatory response to hypercapnia in superior laryngeal nerve-intact but not in sectioned animals. 2. In anaesthetized, vagotomized rats breathing spontaneously through a low-cervical tracheostomy, diaphragm and geniohyoid electromyographic activities were recorded. Arterial blood pressure and rectal temperature were continuously monitored. A single dose of almitrine was administered intravenously. In all animals, the geniohyoid muscle had phasic inspiratory activity which slightly preceded diaphragm activity. Almitrine had no effect on respiratory frequency or inspiratory and expiratory duration but increased mean peak integrated diaphragm (+29.3 ±13.6%) and geniohyoid (+ 132.0 ±21.3%) muscle activity. 3. These results show that almitrine exerts part of its ventilatory effects through superior laryngeal nerve afferents. Almitrine preferentially excites upper airway compared with diaphragm muscle activity, suggesting a potential role in the alleviation of obstructive apnoea.

Time of application of negative pressure pulses and upper airway muscle activity

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 366-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. Woodall ◽  
J. A. Hokanson ◽  
O. P. Mathew
Keyword(s):  
Negative Pressure ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Important Variable ◽  
Breathing Cycle ◽  
Time Of Application ◽  
Inspiratory Muscles ◽  
Pressure Pulses ◽  
Posterior Cricoarytenoid ◽  
Upper Airway Muscles

Effect of upper airway pressure changes on thoracic inspiratory muscles has been shown to depend on the time of application during the breathing cycle. The present study was designed to investigate the importance of the time of application of upper airway negative pressure pulses on upper airway muscles. The upper airway was functionally isolated into a closed system in 24 anesthetized spontaneously breathing rabbits. Negative pressure pulses were applied in early (within the first 200 ms) and late (greater than or equal to 200 ms) inspiration, while electromyograms (EMG) of the diaphragm (Dia), genioglossus (GG), alae nasi (AN), and/or posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA) muscles were simultaneously monitored. When negative pressure pulse was applied in early inspiration, the increase in GG activity was greater [0.49 +/- 0.37 to 4.24 +/- 3.71 arbitrary units (AU)] than when negative pressure was applied in late inspiration (0.44 +/- 0.29 to 2.64 +/- 3.05 AU). Similarly, increased activation of AN (2.63 +/- 1.01 to 4.26 +/- 1.69 AU) and PCA (3.46 +/- 1.16 to 6.18 +/- 2.93 AU) was also observed with early inspiratory application of negative pressure pulses; minimal effects were seen in these muscles with late application. An inhibitory effect on respiratory timing consisting of a prolongation in inspiration (TI) and a decrease in peak Dia EMG/TI was observed as previously reported. These results indicate that the time of application of negative pressure during the breathing cycle is an important variable in determining the magnitude of the response of upper airway muscles.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

scholarly journals Superior laryngeal nerve section alters responses to upper airway distortion in sleeping dogs

1997 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 768-775 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aidan K. Curran ◽  
Peter R. Eastwood ◽  
Craig A. Harms ◽  
Curtis A. Smith ◽  
Jerome A. Dempsey
Keyword(s):  
Negative Pressure ◽  
Minute Ventilation ◽  
Superior Laryngeal Nerve ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Inspiratory Effort ◽  
Laryngeal Nerve ◽  
Respiratory Frequency ◽  
Nerve Section ◽  
Expiratory Time ◽  
Negative Pressures

Curran, Aidan K., Peter R. Eastwood, Craig A. Harms, Curtis A. Smith, and Jerome A. Dempsey. Superior laryngeal nerve section alters responses to upper airway distortion in sleeping dogs. J. Appl. Physiol. 83(3): 768–775, 1997.—We investigated the effect of superior laryngeal nerve (SLN) section on expiratory time (Te) and genioglossus electromyogram (EMGgg) responses to upper airway (UA) negative pressure (UANP) in sleeping dogs. The same dogs used in a similar intact study (C. A. Harms, C. A., Y.-J. Zeng, C. A. Smith, E. H. Vidruk, and J. A. Dempsey. J. Appl. Physiol. 80: 1528–1539, 1996) were bilaterally SLN sectioned. After recovery, the UA was isolated while the animal breathed through a tracheostomy. Square waves of negative pressure were applied to the UA from below the larynx or from the mask (nares) at end expiration and held until the next inspiratory effort. Section of the SLN increased eupneic respiratory frequency and minute ventilation. Relative to the same dogs before SLN section, sublaryngeal UANP caused less Te prolongation while activation of the genioglossus required less negative pressures. Mask UANP had no effect on Te or EMGgg activity. We conclude that the SLN 1) is not obligatory for the reflex prolongation of Te and activation of EMGgg activity produced by UANP and 2) plays an important role in the maintenance of UA stability and the pattern of breathing in sleeping dogs.

Respiratory Activity of the Rat Posterior Cricoarytenoid Muscle

1997 ◽  
Vol 106 (11) ◽  
pp. 897-901 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert G. Berkowitz ◽  
John Chalmers ◽  
Qi-Jian Sun ◽  
Paul M. Pilowsky
Keyword(s):  
Phrenic Nerve ◽  
Muscle Activity ◽  
Electrophysiological Study ◽  
Emg Activity ◽  
Diaphragmatic Muscle ◽  
Posterior Cricoarytenoid Muscle ◽  
Inspiratory Activity ◽  
Intramuscular Nerve ◽  
Posterior Cricoarytenoid ◽  
Nerve Discharge

An anatomic and electrophysiological study of the rat posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA) muscle is described. The intramuscular nerve distribution of the PCA branch of the recurrent laryngeal nerve was demonstrated by a modified Sihler's stain. The nerve to the PCA was found to terminate in superior and inferior branches with a distribution that appeared to be confined to the PCA muscle. Electromyography (EMG) recordings of PCA muscle activity in anesthetized rats were obtained under stereotaxic control together with measurement of phrenic nerve discharge. A total of 151 recordings were made in 7 PCA muscles from 4 rats. Phasic inspiratory activity with a waveform similar to that of phrenic nerve discharge was found in 134 recordings, while a biphasic pattern with both inspiratory and post-inspiratory peaks was recorded from random sites within the PCA muscle on 17 occasions. The PCA EMG activity commenced 24.6 ± 2.2 milliseconds (p < .0001) before phrenic nerve discharge. The results are in accord with findings of earlier studies that show that PCA muscle activity commences prior to inspiratory airflow and diaphragmatic muscle activity. The data suggest that PCA and diaphragm motoneurons share common or similar medullary pre-motoneurons. The earlier onset of PCA muscle activity may indicate a role for medullary pre-inspiratory neurons in initiating PCA activity.

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