Low Cost Mechanical Ventilator with Controlled PEEP

This paper mainly focuses on the development of an efficient and adaptable breathing cycle for the patients who are suffering from respiratory problems. A precise and efficient lung circuit is designed by using MATLAB software. By considering the present circumstances caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, led to shortage of ventilators, numerous prototypes of low-cost ventilators are designed across the world [9]. The prime drawback with the low cost ventilators is that there is no peep control causes lung damage and has higher probability of causing Barro trauma this results high sedation to the patient, present model designed by producing a controlled peep that could provide better help to affected lungs.

The differing physiology of nitrogen and tracer gas multiple-breath washout techniques

BackgroundMultiple-breath washout techniques are increasingly being used to assess lung function. The principal statistic obtained is the lung clearance index (LCI), but values obtained for LCI using the N2-washout technique are higher than those obtained using an exogenous tracer gas such as SF6. This study explored whether the pure O2 used for the N2 washout could underlie these higher values.MethodsA model of a homogenous, reciprocally-ventilated acinus was constructed. Perfusion was kept constant, and ventilation adjusted by varying the swept volume during the breathing cycle. The blood supplying the acinus had a standard mixed-venous composition. CO2 and O2 exchange between the blood and acinar gas proceeded to equilibrium. The model was initialised with either air or air plus tracer gas as the inspirate. Washouts were conducted with pure O2 for the N2 washout or with air for the tracer gas washout.ResultsAt normal ventilation-perfusion (V̇/Q̇) ratios, the rate of washout of N2 and exogenous tracer gas was almost indistinguishable. At low V̇/Q̇, the N2 washout lagged the tracer gas washout. At very low V̇/Q̇, N2 became trapped in the acinus. Under low V̇/Q̇ conditions, breathing pure O2 introduced a marked asymmetry between the inspiratory and expiratory gas flow rates that was not present when breathing air.DiscussionThe use of pure O2 to washout N2 increases O2 uptake in low V̇/Q̇ units. This generates a background gas flow into the acinus that opposes flow out of the acinus during expiration, and so delays the washout of N2.

Design for the Automation of an AMBU Spur II Manual Respirator

This article shows the design of a device to automatize an Ambu Spur II manual respirator. The aim of this compassionate medicine device is to provide an emergency alternative to conventional electric respirators—which are in much shortage—during the present COVID-19 pandemic. To develop the device, the classical method of product design based on concurrent engineering has been employed. First, the specifications of the machine have been determined, including the function determining the air volume provided at every moment of the breathing cycle; second, an adequate compression mechanism has been designed; third, the control circuit of the motor has been determined, which can be operated via a touchscreen and which includes sensor feedback; fourth, the device has been materialized with readily available materials and market components, mostly of low cost; and fifth, the machine has been successfully tested, complying with sanitary regulations and operating within desirable ranges. The device has been already manufactured to supply respirators to several hospitals around the Catalan Autonomous Community in Spain, but can also be replicated in developing countries such as Ecuador.

Environmental Engineering Education Based on Artificial Neural Networks for Specialists

The use of the model of the breathing cycle in the instructive round utilizing a PC intricate created at the nature and work security is thought of. The model assists with working out the aptitudes for recognizing side effects of debilitation of the practical condition of the respiratory framework. The wished-forsculpt depends on counterfeit neural organizations and can be utilized for other branches of knowledge and applications, including ecological building training.

Lipid–Protein and Protein–Protein Interactions in the Pulmonary Surfactant System and Their Role in Lung Homeostasis

Pulmonary surfactant is a lipid/protein complex synthesized by the alveolar epithelium and secreted into the airspaces, where it coats and protects the large respiratory air–liquid interface. Surfactant, assembled as a complex network of membranous structures, integrates elements in charge of reducing surface tension to a minimum along the breathing cycle, thus maintaining a large surface open to gas exchange and also protecting the lung and the body from the entrance of a myriad of potentially pathogenic entities. Different molecules in the surfactant establish a multivalent crosstalk with the epithelium, the immune system and the lung microbiota, constituting a crucial platform to sustain homeostasis, under health and disease. This review summarizes some of the most important molecules and interactions within lung surfactant and how multiple lipid–protein and protein–protein interactions contribute to the proper maintenance of an operative respiratory surface.