scholarly journals Combined unilateral blockade of cholinergic, peptidergic, and serotonergic receptors in the ventral respiratory column does not affect breathing in awake or sleeping goats

2015 ◽  
Vol 119 (3) ◽  
pp. 308-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clarissa Muere ◽  
Suzanne Neumueller ◽  
Samantha Olesiak ◽  
Justin Miller ◽  
Thomas Langer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Substance P ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Large Degree ◽  
Nrem Sleep ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Serotonergic Receptors ◽  
Nk1 Receptors ◽  
Effluent Concentration ◽  
Past Data ◽  
Neurokinin 1

Previous work in intact awake and sleeping goats has found that unilateral blockade of excitatory inputs in the ventral respiratory column (VRC) elicits changes in the concentrations of multiple neurochemicals, including serotonin (5-HT), substance P, glycine, and GABA, while increasing or having no effect on breathing. These findings are consistent with the concept of interdependence between neuromodulators, whereby attenuation of one modulator elicits compensatory changes in other modulators to maintain breathing. Because there is a large degree of redundancy and multiplicity of excitatory inputs to the VRC, we herein tested the hypothesis that combined unilateral blockade of muscarinic acetylcholine (mACh), neurokinin-1 (NK1, the receptor for substance P), and 5-HT2A receptors would elicit changes in multiple neurochemicals, but would not change breathing. We unilaterally reverse-dialyzed a cocktail of antagonists targeting these receptors into the VRC of intact adult goats. Breathing was continuously monitored while effluent fluid from dialysis was collected for quantification of neurochemicals. We found that neither double blockade of mACh and NK1 receptors, nor triple blockade of mACh, NK1, and 5-HT2A receptors significantly affected breathing ( P ≥ 0.05) in goats that were awake or in non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. However, both double and triple blockade increased the effluent concentration of substance P ( P < 0.001) and decreased GABA concentrations. These findings support our hypothesis and, together with past data, suggest that both in wakefulness and NREM sleep, multiple neuromodulator systems collaborate to stabilize breathing when a deficit in one or multiple excitatory neuromodulators exists.

scholarly journals Manipulating neural activity and sleep-dependent memory consolidation

Neuroforum ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryam Ghorbani ◽  
Lisa Marshall
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Neural Activity ◽  
Memory Consolidation ◽  
Nrem Sleep ◽  
Neural Oscillations ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Hippocampus Dependent Memory

AbstractSleep contributes actively to the consolidation of many forms of memory. This review describes the neural oscillations of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, the structures underlying these oscillations and their relation to hippocampus-dependent memory consolidation. A main focus lies on the relation between inter- and intraregional interactions and their electrophysiological representation. Methods for modulating neural oscillations with the intent of affecting memory consolidation are presented.

Sleep Disorders

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sudhansu Chokroverty
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Apnea ◽  
Sleep Disorders ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Sleep Apnea Syndrome ◽  
Nrem Sleep ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders ◽  
Apnea Syndrome ◽  
Sleep Mechanism

Recent research has generated an enormous fund of knowledge about the neurobiology of sleep and wakefulness. Sleeping and waking brain circuits can now be studied by sophisticated neuroimaging techniques that map different areas of the brain during different sleep states and stages. Although the exact biologic functions of sleep are not known, sleep is essential, and sleep deprivation leads to impaired attention and decreased performance. Sleep is also believed to have restorative, conservative, adaptive, thermoregulatory, and consolidative functions. This review discusses the physiology of sleep, including its two independent states, rapid eye movement (REM) and non–rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, as well as functional neuroanatomy, physiologic changes during sleep, and circadian rhythms. The classification and diagnosis of sleep disorders are discussed generally. The diagnosis and treatment of the following disorders are described: obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, narcolepsy-cataplexy sydrome, idiopathic hypersomnia, restless legs syndrome (RLS) and periodic limb movements in sleep, circadian rhythm sleep disorders, insomnias, nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy, and parasomnias. Sleep-related movement disorders and the relationship between sleep and psychiatric disorders are also discussed. Tables describe behavioral and physiologic characteristics of states of awareness, the international classification of sleep disorders, common sleep complaints, comorbid insomnia disorders, causes of excessive daytime somnolence, laboratory tests to assess sleep disorders, essential diagnostic criteria for RLS and Willis-Ekbom disease, and drug therapy for insomnia. Figures include polysomnographic recording showing wakefulness in an adult; stage 1, 2, and 3 NREM sleep in an adult; REM sleep in an adult; a patient with sleep apnea syndrome; a patient with Cheyne-Stokes breathing; a patient with RLS; and a patient with dream-enacting behavior; schematic sagittal section of the brainstem of the cat; schematic diagram of the McCarley-Hobson model of REM sleep mechanism; the Lu-Saper “flip-flop” model; the Luppi model to explain REM sleep mechanism; and a wrist actigraph from a man with bipolar disorder. This review contains 14 highly rendered figures, 8 tables, 115 references, and 5 MCQs.

146 Better Aerobic Fitness Is Associated with Distinct Sleep Characteristics in Adolescents

SLEEP ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 44 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. A60-A60
Author(s):  
Ariel Neikrug ◽  
Shlomit Radom-Aizik ◽  
Ivy Chen ◽  
Annamarie Stehli ◽  
Kitty Lui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Slow Wave ◽  
Aerobic Fitness ◽  
Nrem Sleep ◽  
Brain Maturation ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Sleep Spindle ◽  
Sleep Patterns ◽  
Peak Vo2 ◽  
Local Sleep

Abstract Introduction Aerobic fitness facilitates brain synaptic plasticity, which influences global and local sleep expression. While it is known that sleep patterns/behavior and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep slow wave activity (SWA) tracks brain maturation, little is known about how aerobic fitness and sleep interact during development in youth. The aim of this pilot was to characterize relationships among aerobic fitness, measures of global/local sleep expression, and habitual sleep patterns in children and adolescents. We hypothesized that greater aerobic fitness would be associated with better sleep quality, indicated by increased SWA. Methods 20 adolescents (mean age=14.6±2.3 years old, range 11-17, 11 females) were evaluated for AF (peak VO2 assessed by ramp-type progressive cycle ergometry in the laboratory), habitual sleep duration and efficiency (continuous 7-14 day actigraphy with sleep diary), and topographic patterns of spectral power in slow wave, theta, and sleep spindle frequency ranges in non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep using overnight polysomnography with high-density electroencephalography (hdEEG, 128 channels). Results Significant relationships were observed between peak VO2 and habitual bedtime (r=-0.604, p=0.013) and wake-up time (r=-0.644, p=0.007), with greater fitness associated with an earlier sleep schedule (going to bed and waking up earlier). Peak VO2 was a significant predictor of slow oscillations (0.5-1Hz, p=0.018) and theta activity (4.5-7.5Hz, p=0.002) over anterior frontal and central derivations (p&lt;0.001 and p=0.001, respectively) after adjusting for sex and pubertal development stage. Similar associations were detected for fast sleep spindle activity (13-16Hz, p=0.006), which was greater over temporo-parietal derivations. Conclusion Greater AF was associated with earlier habitual sleep times and with enhanced expression of developmentally-relevant sleep oscillations during NREM sleep. These data suggest that AF may 1) minimize the behavioral sleep delay commonly seen during adolescence, and 2) impact topographically-specific features of sleep physiology known to mechanistically support neuroplasticity and cognitive processes which are dependent on prefrontal cortex and hippocampal function in adolescents and adults. Support (if any) NCATS grant #UL1TR001414 & PERC Systems Biology Fund

Sleep Disorders

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sudhansu Chokroverty
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Apnea ◽  
Sleep Disorders ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Sleep Apnea Syndrome ◽  
Nrem Sleep ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders ◽  
Apnea Syndrome ◽  
Sleep Mechanism

Recent research has generated an enormous fund of knowledge about the neurobiology of sleep and wakefulness. Sleeping and waking brain circuits can now be studied by sophisticated neuroimaging techniques that map different areas of the brain during different sleep states and stages. Although the exact biologic functions of sleep are not known, sleep is essential, and sleep deprivation leads to impaired attention and decreased performance. Sleep is also believed to have restorative, conservative, adaptive, thermoregulatory, and consolidative functions. This review discusses the physiology of sleep, including its two independent states, rapid eye movement (REM) and non–rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, as well as functional neuroanatomy, physiologic changes during sleep, and circadian rhythms. The classification and diagnosis of sleep disorders are discussed generally. The diagnosis and treatment of the following disorders are described: obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, narcolepsy-cataplexy sydrome, idiopathic hypersomnia, restless legs syndrome (RLS) and periodic limb movements in sleep, circadian rhythm sleep disorders, insomnias, nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy, and parasomnias. Sleep-related movement disorders and the relationship between sleep and psychiatric disorders are also discussed. Tables describe behavioral and physiologic characteristics of states of awareness, the international classification of sleep disorders, common sleep complaints, comorbid insomnia disorders, causes of excessive daytime somnolence, laboratory tests to assess sleep disorders, essential diagnostic criteria for RLS and Willis-Ekbom disease, and drug therapy for insomnia. Figures include polysomnographic recording showing wakefulness in an adult; stage 1, 2, and 3 NREM sleep in an adult; REM sleep in an adult; a patient with sleep apnea syndrome; a patient with Cheyne-Stokes breathing; a patient with RLS; and a patient with dream-enacting behavior; schematic sagittal section of the brainstem of the cat; schematic diagram of the McCarley-Hobson model of REM sleep mechanism; the Lu-Saper “flip-flop” model; the Luppi model to explain REM sleep mechanism; and a wrist actigraph from a man with bipolar disorder. This review contains 14 highly rendered figures, 8 tables, 115 references, and 5 MCQs.

Arousal Characteristics in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease and Isolated Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder

SLEEP ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Brink-Kjær ◽  
Matteo Cesari ◽  
Friederike Sixel-Döring ◽  
Brit Mollenhauer ◽  
Claudia Trenkwalder ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Muscle Tone ◽  
Behavior Disorder ◽  
Nrem Sleep ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Sleep Behavior

Abstract Study objectives Patients diagnosed with isolated rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (iRBD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD) have altered sleep stability reflecting neurodegeneration in brainstem structures. We hypothesize that neurodegeneration alters the expression of cortical arousals in sleep. Methods We analyzed polysomnography data recorded from 88 healthy controls (HC), 22 iRBD patients, 82 de novo PD patients without RBD and 32 with RBD (PD+RBD). These patients were also investigated at a 2-year follow-up. Arousals were analyzed using a previously validated automatic system, which used a central EEG lead, electrooculography, and chin electromyography. Multiple linear regression models were fitted to compare group differences at baseline and change to follow-up for arousal index (ArI), shifts in electroencephalographic signals associated with arousals, and arousal chin muscle tone. The regression models were adjusted for known covariates affecting the nature of arousal. Results In comparison to HC, patients with iRBD and PD+RBD showed increased ArI during REM sleep and their arousals showed a significantly lower shift in α-band power at arousals and a higher muscle tone during arousals. In comparison to HC, the PD patients were characterized by a decreased ArI in NREM sleep at baseline. ArI during NREM sleep decreased further at the 2-year follow-up, although not significantly Conclusions Patients with PD and iRBD present with abnormal arousal characteristics as scored by an automated method. These abnormalities are likely to be caused by neurodegeneration of the reticular activation system due to alpha-synuclein aggregation.

Chloral Hydrate and the Carbon Dioxide Chemoreceptor Response: A Study of Puppies and Infants

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 447-450
Author(s):  
Martin H. Lees ◽  
George D. Olsen ◽  
Kip L. McGilliard ◽  
James D. Newcomb ◽  
Cecille O. Sunderland
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Tidal Volume ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Chloral Hydrate ◽  
Nrem Sleep ◽  
Co2 Production ◽  
O2 Consumption ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Natural Sleep ◽  
Co2 Elimination

CO2 chemoreceptor function was assessed during natural sleep and following the administration of 100 mg/kg of chloral hydrate to 26 puppies. With chloral hydrate-induced sleep, there were no significant changes in ventilation or in CO2 chemoreceptor response. The ventilation and CO2 chemoreceptor response of a group of infants in natural sleep were compared with those of a group receiving 50 mg/kg of chloral hydrate. Tidal volume, O2 consumption, and CO2 elimination were slightly higher in the group given chloral hydrate. There was no difference in the CO2 chemoreceptor response. The proportion of time spent in rapid eye movement (REM) and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep in chloral hydrate-induced sleep was similar to that occurring in natural sleep. Use of chloral hydrate stabilizes O2 consumption and CO2 production, and it greatly facilitates the assessment of chemoreceptor function in infants. The CO2 chemoreceptor response appears not to be altered in puppies or infants.

scholarly journals Nonrapid eye movement sleep electroencephalographic oscillations in idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder: a study of sleep spindles and slow oscillations

SLEEP ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun-Sang Sunwoo ◽  
Kwang Su Cha ◽  
Jung-Ick Byun ◽  
Jin-Sun Jun ◽  
Tae-Joon Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Rem Sleep Behavior Disorder ◽  
Behavior Disorder ◽  
Nrem Sleep ◽  
Sleep Spindles ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Sleep Behavior ◽  
Slow Oscillations ◽  
Lower Amplitude

Abstract Study Objectives We investigated electroencephalographic (EEG) slow oscillations (SOs), sleep spindles (SSs), and their temporal coordination during nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep in patients with idiopathic rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (iRBD). Methods We analyzed 16 patients with video-polysomnography-confirmed iRBD (age, 65.4 ± 6.6 years; male, 87.5%) and 10 controls (age, 62.3 ± 7.5 years; male, 70%). SSs and SOs were automatically detected during stage N2 and N3. We analyzed their characteristics, including density, frequency, duration, and amplitude. We additionally identified SO-locked spindles and examined their phase distribution and phase locking with the corresponding SO. For inter-group comparisons, we used the independent samples t-test or Wilcoxon rank-sum test, as appropriate. Results The SOs of iRBD patients had significantly lower amplitude, longer duration (p = 0.005 for both), and shallower slope (p &lt; 0.001) than those of controls. The SS power of iRBD patients was significantly lower than that of controls (p = 0.002), although spindle density did not differ significantly. Furthermore, SO-locked spindles of iRBD patients prematurely occurred during the down-to-up-state transition of SOs, whereas those of controls occurred at the up-state peak of SOs (p = 0.009). The phase of SO-locked spindles showed a positive correlation with delayed recall subscores (p = 0.005) but not with tonic or phasic electromyography activity during REM sleep. Conclusions In this study, we found abnormal EEG oscillations during NREM sleep in patients with iRBD. The impaired temporal coupling between SOs and SSs may reflect early neurodegenerative changes in iRBD.

scholarly journals The European starling (Sturnus vulgaris) shows signs of NREM sleep homeostasis but has very little REM sleep and no REM sleep homeostasis

SLEEP ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 43 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sjoerd J van Hasselt ◽  
Maria Rusche ◽  
Alexei L Vyssotski ◽  
Simon Verhulst ◽  
Niels C Rattenborg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Deprivation ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Spectral Power ◽  
Nrem Sleep ◽  
Sleep Time ◽  
European Starling ◽  
Dark Phase ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement ◽  
Sleep Homeostasis

Abstract Most of our knowledge about the regulation and function of sleep is based on studies in a restricted number of mammalian species, particularly nocturnal rodents. Hence, there is still much to learn from comparative studies in other species. Birds are interesting because they appear to share key aspects of sleep with mammals, including the presence of two different forms of sleep, i.e. non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. We examined sleep architecture and sleep homeostasis in the European starling, using miniature dataloggers for electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings. Under controlled laboratory conditions with a 12:12 h light–dark cycle, the birds displayed a pronounced daily rhythm in sleep and wakefulness with most sleep occurring during the dark phase. Sleep mainly consisted of NREM sleep. In fact, the amount of REM sleep added up to only 1~2% of total sleep time. Animals were subjected to 4 or 8 h sleep deprivation to assess sleep homeostatic responses. Sleep deprivation induced changes in subsequent NREM sleep EEG spectral qualities for several hours, with increased spectral power from 1.17 Hz up to at least 25 Hz. In contrast, power below 1.17 Hz was decreased after sleep deprivation. Sleep deprivation also resulted in a small compensatory increase in NREM sleep time the next day. Changes in EEG spectral power and sleep time were largely similar after 4 and 8 h sleep deprivation. REM sleep was not noticeably compensated after sleep deprivation. In conclusion, starlings display signs of NREM sleep homeostasis but the results do not support the notion of important REM sleep functions.

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