scholarly journals Contribution of the ventrolateral thalamus to the locomotion-related activity of motor cortex

2020 ◽  
Vol 124 (5) ◽  
pp. 1480-1504
Author(s):  
Irina N. Beloozerova ◽  
Vladimir Marlinski
Keyword(s):  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Related Activity ◽  
Response Properties ◽  
Ventrolateral Thalamus

How the activity of motor cortex is generated and the roles that different inputs to motor cortex play in formation of response properties of motor cortex neurons during movements remain unclear. This is the first study to characterize the contribution of the input from the ventrolateral thalamus (VL), the main subcortical input to motor cortex, to the activity of motor cortex neurons during vision-independent and vision-dependent locomotion.

scholarly journals Signals from the ventrolateral thalamus to the motor cortex during locomotion

2012 ◽  
Vol 107 (1) ◽  
pp. 455-472 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir Marlinski ◽  
Wijitha U. Nilaweera ◽  
Pavel V. Zelenin ◽  
Mikhail G. Sirota ◽  
Irina N. Beloozerova
Keyword(s):  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Afferent Input ◽  
Related Activity ◽  
Foot Placement ◽  
Related Information ◽  
Activity Burst ◽  
Ventrolateral Thalamus ◽  
Discharge Duration ◽  
Antidromic Responses ◽  
Single Neuron Recording

The activity of the motor cortex during locomotion is profoundly modulated in the rhythm of strides. The source of modulation is not known. In this study we examined the activity of one of the major sources of afferent input to the motor cortex, the ventrolateral thalamus (VL). Experiments were conducted in chronically implanted cats with an extracellular single-neuron recording technique. VL neurons projecting to the motor cortex were identified by antidromic responses. During locomotion, the activity of 92% of neurons was modulated in the rhythm of strides; 67% of cells discharged one activity burst per stride, a pattern typical for the motor cortex. The characteristics of these discharges in most VL neurons appeared to be well suited to contribute to the locomotion-related activity of the motor cortex. In addition to simple locomotion, we examined VL activity during walking on a horizontal ladder, a task that requires vision for correct foot placement. Upon transition from simple to ladder locomotion, the activity of most VL neurons exhibited the same changes that have been reported for the motor cortex, i.e., an increase in the strength of stride-related modulation and shortening of the discharge duration. Five modes of integration of simple and ladder locomotion-related information were recognized in the VL. We suggest that, in addition to contributing to the locomotion-related activity in the motor cortex during simple locomotion, the VL integrates and transmits signals needed for correct foot placement on a complex terrain to the motor cortex.

Anatomical analysis of ventrolateral thalamic input to primate motor cortex

1976 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 1020-1031 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. L. Strick
Keyword(s):  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Retrograde Transport ◽  
Sensory Cortex ◽  
Central Sulcus ◽  
Thalamic Neurons ◽  
Thalamic Input ◽  
Continuous Slab ◽  
Ventrolateral Thalamus ◽  
Point To Point ◽  
Somatic Sensory Cortex

1. The origin and topographical organization of input to the arm area of the primate motor cortex from the ventrolateral thalamus were examined using the method of retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). 2. A thin, continuous slab of labeled neurons was found in the ventrolateral thalamus followingmultiple injections of HRP into the arm area of the motor cortex. The slab of labeled neurons was flanked, medially and laterally, by groups of unlabeled neurons. 3. The origin of ventrolateral thalamic input was more extensive than previously thought. Labeled neurons were found from A10.0 to A6.0 and occurred in three ventolateral thalamic subdivisions: ventralis lateralis pars oralis (VLo), ventralis lateralis pars caudalis (VLc), and ventralis posterior lateralis pars oralis (VPLo). For simplicity this region containing labeled neurons has been termed the ventrolateral thalamic (VL) arm area. 4. Injections of HRP into the somatic sensory cortex indicated that the thalamic regions which project to the somatic sensory cortex are separate from the VL arm area. 5. The distribution of labeled neurons following single injections of HRP into different regions of the motor cortex arm area indicated that the VL arm area is topographically organized, particularly its caudal part. Ventral regions of the VL arm area were labeled following HRP injections into motor cortex regions adjacent to the central sulcus where the representation of largely distal musculature is localized. Dorsal regions of the VL arm area were labeled following HRP injections into motor cortex regions more rostral to the central sulcus where the representation of more proximal musculature is localized. 6. A larger region of the VL arm area was labeled following HRP injections adjacent to the central sulcus than following the more rostral motor cortex injections. This suggests that, like the arm area of the motor cortex, more of the VL arm area is allotted to the representation of distal than proximal musculature. 7. Following very small cortical HRP injections, isolated labeled thalamic neurons were diffusely scattered throughout a 3-mm rostrocaudal extent of the VL arm area. In addition, a small focal cluster of labeled thalamic neurons was also seen. The labeled cluster was limited to 0.5 mm rostrocaudally and 300 mum in width. The focal distribution of labeled thalamic neurons suggests that aspects of a point to point organization may exist in the connection between VL and the motor cortex arm area.

Functional Properties of Neurons in the Primate Tongue Primary Motor Cortex During Swallowing

1997 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 1516-1530 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth E. Martin ◽  
Gregory M. Murray ◽  
Pentti Kemppainen ◽  
Yuji Masuda ◽  
Barry J. Sessle
Keyword(s):  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Functional Properties ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Motor Behavior ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Electromyographic Activity ◽  
Related Activity ◽  
Tongue Protrusion ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Tongue Movements

Martin, Ruth E., Gregory M. Murray, Pentti Kemppainen, Yuji Masuda, and Barry J. Sessle. Functional properties of neurons in the primate tongue primary motor cortex during swallowing. J. Neurophysiol. 78: 1516–1530, 1997. Recent studies conducted in our laboratory have suggested that the tongue primary motor cortex (i.e., tongue-MI) plays a critical role in the control of voluntary tongue movements in the primate. However, the possible involvement of tongue-MI in semiautomatic tongue movements, such as those in swallowing, remains unkown. Therefore the present study was undertakein in attempts to address whether tongue-MI plays a role in the semiautomatic tongue movements produced during swallowing. Extracellular single neuron recordings were obtained from tongue-MI, defined by intracortical microstimulation (ICMS), in two awake monkeys as they performed three types of swallowing (swallowing of a juice reward after successful tongue task performance, nontask-related swallowing of a liquid bolus, and nontask-related swallowing of a solid bolus) as well as a trained tongue-protrusion task. Electromyographic activity was recorded simultaneously from various orofacial and laryngeal muscles. In addition, the afferent input to each tongue-MI neuron and ICMS-evoked motor output characteristics at each neuronal recording site were determined. Neurons were considered to show swallow and/or tongue-protrusion task-related activity if a statistically significant difference in firing rate was seen in association with these behaviors compared with that observed during a control pretrial period. Of a total of 80 neurons recorded along 40 microelectrode penetrations in the ICMS-defined tongue-MI, 69% showed significant alterations of activity in relation to the swallowing of a juice reward, whereas 66% exhibited significant modulations of firing in association with performance of the trained tongue-protrusion task. Moreover, 48% showed significant alterations of firing in relation to both swallowing and the tongue-protrusion task. These findings suggest that the region of cortex involved in swallowing includes MI and that tongue-MI may play a role in the regulation of semiautomatic tongue movement, in addition to trained motor behavior. Swallow-related tongue-MI neurons exhibited a variety of swallow-related activity patterns and were distributed throughout the ICMS-defined tongue-MI at sites where ICMS evoked a variety of types of tongue movements. These findings are consistent with the view that multiple efferent zones for the production of tongue movements are activated in swallowing. Many swallow-related tongue-MI neurons had an orofacial mechanoreceptive field, particularly on the tongue dorsum, supporting the view that afferent inputs may be involved in the regulation of the swallowing synergy.

P 171. Bihemispheric motor cortex stimulation in older adults induces modulations of resting state and task-related activity

2013 ◽  
Vol 124 (10) ◽  
pp. e146 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Lindenberg ◽  
L. Nachtigall ◽  
M. Meinzer ◽  
M.M. Sieg ◽  
A. Flöel
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Resting State ◽  
Motor Cortex Stimulation ◽  
Related Activity ◽  
And Task

scholarly journals Reward-related activity in the human motor cortex

2008 ◽  
Vol 27 (7) ◽  
pp. 1836-1842 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dimitrios Kapogiannis ◽  
Paul Campion ◽  
Jordan Grafman ◽  
Eric M. Wassermann
Keyword(s):  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Related Activity ◽  
Human Motor Cortex ◽  
Human Motor

Laterality of Movement-Related Activity Reflects Transformation of Coordinates in Ventral Premotor Cortex and Primary Motor Cortex of Monkeys

2007 ◽  
Vol 98 (4) ◽  
pp. 2008-2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kiyoshi Kurata
Keyword(s):  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Premotor Cortex ◽  
Visuomotor Transformation ◽  
Related Activity ◽  
Reaching Task ◽  
Ventral Premotor Cortex ◽  
Cortical Motor ◽  
Target Locations

The ventral premotor cortex (PMv) and the primary motor cortex (MI) of monkeys participate in various sensorimotor integrations, such as the transformation of coordinates from visual to motor space, because the areas contain movement-related neuronal activity reflecting either visual or motor space. In addition to relationship to visual and motor space, laterality of the activity could indicate stages in the visuomotor transformation. Thus we examined laterality and relationship to visual and motor space of movement-related neuronal activity in the PMv and MI of monkeys performing a fast-reaching task with the left or right arm, toward targets with visual and motor coordinates that had been dissociated by shift prisms. We determined laterality of each activity quantitatively and classified it into four types: activity that consistently depended on target locations in either head-centered visual coordinates (V-type) or motor coordinates (M-type) and those that had either differential or nondifferential activity for both coordinates (B- and N-types). A majority of M-type neurons in the areas had preferences for reaching movements with the arm contralateral to the hemisphere where neuronal activity was recorded. In contrast, most of the V-type neurons were recorded in the PMv and exhibited less laterality than the M-type. The B- and N-types were recorded in the PMv and MI and exhibited intermediate properties between the V- and M-types when laterality and correlations to visual and motor space of them were jointly examined. These results suggest that the cortical motor areas contribute to the transformation of coordinates to generate final motor commands.

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