Rostral Fastigial Nucleus Activity in the Alert Monkey During Three-Dimensional Passive Head Movements

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 1432-1446 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Siebold ◽  
L. Glonti ◽  
S. Glasauer ◽  
U. Büttner
Keyword(s):  
Phase Relation ◽  
Response Pattern ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Head Movements ◽  
Fastigial Nucleus ◽  
Head Orientation ◽  
Alert Monkey ◽  
Horizontal Canal ◽  
Response Vector ◽  
Dynamic Stimulation

Siebold, C., L. Glonti, S. Glasauer, and U. Büttner. Rostral fastigial nucleus activity in the alert monkey during three-dimensional passive head movements. J. Neurophysiol. 77: 1432–1446, 1997. The fastigial nucleus (FN) receives vestibular information predominantly from Purkinje cells of the vermis. FN in the monkey can be divided in a rostral part, related to spinal mechanisms, and a caudal part with oculomotor functions. To understand the role of FN during movements in space, single-unit activity in alert monkeys was recorded during passive three-dimensional head movements from rostral FN. Seated monkeys were rotated sinusoidally around a horizontal earth-fixed axis (vertical stimulation) at different orientations 15° apart (including roll, pitch, vertical canal plane and intermediate planes). In addition, sinusoidal rotations around an earth-vertical axis (yaw stimulus) included different roll and pitch positions (±10°, ±20°). The latter positions were also used for static stimulation. One hundred fifty-eight neurons in two monkeys were modulated during the sinusoidal vertical search stimulation. The vast majority showed a uniform response pattern: a maximum at a specific head orientation (response vector orientation) and a null response 90° apart. Detailed analysis was obtained from 111 neurons. On the basis of their phase relation during dynamic stimulation and their response to static tilt, these neurons were classified as vertical semicircular canal related ( n = 79, 71.2%) or otolith related ( n = 25; 22.5%). Only seven neurons did not follow the usual response pattern and were classified as complex neurons. For the vertical canal-related neurons ( n = 79) all eight major response vector orientations (ipsilateral or contralateral anterior canal, posterior canal, roll, and nose-down and nose-up pitch) were found in FN on one side. Neurons with ipsilateral orientations were more numerous and on average more sensitive than those with contralateral orientations. Twenty-eight percent of the vertical canal-related neurons also responded to horizontal canal stimulation. None of the vertical canal-related neurons responded to static tilt. Otolith-related neurons ( n = 25) had a phase relation close to head position and were considerably less numerous than canal-related neurons. Except for pitch, all other response vector orientations were found. Seventy percent of these neurons responding during dynamic stimulation also responded during static tilt. The sensitivity during dynamic stimulation was always higher than during static stimulation. Sixty-one percent of the otolith-related neurons responded also to horizontal canal stimulation. These results show that in FN, robust vestibular signals are abundant. Canal-related responses are much more common than otolith-related responses. Although for many canal neurons the responses can be related to single canal planes, convergence between vertical canals but also with horizontal canals is common.

Cross-validated models of the relationships between neck muscle electromyography and three-dimensional head kinematics during gaze behavior

2012 ◽  
Vol 107 (2) ◽  
pp. 573-590 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farshad Farshadmanesh ◽  
Patrick Byrne ◽  
Gerald P. Keith ◽  
Hongying Wang ◽  
Brian D. Corneil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Head Movements ◽  
Polynomial Model ◽  
Emg Activity ◽  
Head Orientation ◽  
Gaze Behavior ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Head Kinematics ◽  
Musculoskeletal Anatomy ◽  
Horizontal Head

The object of this study was to model the relationship between neck electromyography (EMG) and three-dimensional (3-D) head kinematics during gaze behavior. In two monkeys, we recorded 3-D gaze, head orientation, and bilateral EMG activity in the sternocleidomastoid, splenius capitis, complexus, biventer cervicis, rectus capitis posterior major, and occipital capitis inferior muscles. Head-unrestrained animals fixated and made gaze saccades between targets within a 60° × 60° grid. We performed a stepwise regression in which polynomial model terms were retained/rejected based on their tendency to increase/decrease a cross-validation-based measure of model generalizability. This revealed several results that could not have been predicted from knowledge of musculoskeletal anatomy. During head holding, EMG activity in most muscles was related to horizontal head orientation, whereas fewer muscles correlated to vertical head orientation and none to small random variations in head torsion. A fourth-order polynomial model, with horizontal head orientation as the only independent variable, generalized nearly as well as higher order models. For head movements, we added time-varying linear and nonlinear perturbations in velocity and acceleration to the previously derived static (head holding) models. The static models still explained most of the EMG variance, but the additional motion terms, which included horizontal, vertical, and torsional contributions, significantly improved the results. Several coordinate systems were used for both static and dynamic analyses, with Fick coordinates showing a marginal (nonsignificant) advantage. Thus, during gaze fixations, recruitment within the neck muscles from which we recorded contributed primarily to position-dependent horizontal orientation terms in our data set, with more complex multidimensional contributions emerging during the head movements that accompany gaze shifts. These are crucial components of the late neuromuscular transformations in a complete model of 3-D head-neck system and should help constrain the study of premotor signals for head control during gaze behaviors.

Fastigial nucleus activity in the alert monkey during slow eye and head movements

1991 ◽  
Vol 65 (6) ◽  
pp. 1360-1371 ◽  
Author(s):  
U. Buttner ◽  
A. F. Fuchs ◽  
G. Markert-Schwab ◽  
P. Buckmaster
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Pursuit ◽  
Head Movements ◽  
Fastigial Nucleus ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Oculomotor Control ◽  
Alert Monkey ◽  
Full Field ◽  
Head Velocity ◽  
Small Spot ◽  
Head Rotations

1. Single units were recorded extracellularly from the fastigial nucleus of three macaque monkeys. Two untrained animals were subjected to whole-body yaw rotations in the light and dark and to full-field horizontal optokinetic stimuli provided by a drum with vertical stripes. The third also was subjected to sinusoidal yaw rotations but, in addition, was trained to follow a small spot, which moved in various ways relative to the animal, to reveal possible smooth pursuit and vestibular sensitivities. 2. On the basis of their responses to vestibular and optokinetic stimuli and their responses during smooth pursuit, fastigial neurons could be divided functionally into a rostral and a caudal group. 3. Most rostral neurons exhibited an increased firing for contralateral head rotations and ipsilateral optokinetic stimuli. A few had the opposite combination of directional preferences. The average firing rates increased monotonically both with contralateral head velocity and ipsilateral drum velocity and decreased monotonically for the oppositely directed movements. There was no change in firing rate for either spontaneous saccades or smooth pursuit of a small moving spot. 4. In contrast, neurons in the caudal fastigial nuclei not only have a robust vestibular sensitivity, but respond during smooth pursuit as well. Most discharge during contralateral head velocity and contralateral smooth pursuit so that they exhibit very little modulation during the vestibuloocular reflex (VOR) or when the rotating animal is fixating a target stationary in the world (SIW). The remaining neurons discharge during contralateral head rotations but ipsilateral eye rotations; these units exhibit their greatest modulation during the SIW condition. 5. Because they respond during quite different behavioral situations, it seems likely that rostral fastigial neurons are involved with descending control of the somatic musculature, whereas the caudal neurons are involved in oculomotor control. The sparse anatomic and lesion data that is available is consistent with this idea.

Three-dimensional sensitivity and caudal projection of neck spindle afferents

1988 ◽  
Vol 59 (5) ◽  
pp. 1497-1509 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Kasper ◽  
R. H. Schor ◽  
B. J. Yates ◽  
V. J. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Spindle ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Dorsal Column ◽  
Head Movements ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Neck Muscle ◽  
Decerebrate Cat ◽  
Caudal Projection ◽  
Propriospinal Neurons ◽  
Response Vector

1. We recorded from neck muscle spindle afferents in the C2 dorsal root ganglion of the decerebrate cat using floating electrodes. The afferents presumably innervated mainly ventral and ventrolateral perivertebral muscles, and sternocleidomastoid. Stimuli consisted of combinations of rotatory head movements about the roll/pitch or pitch/yaw axes. An important difference from our earlier experiments (10) was the addition of yaw movement to the stimulus paradigm making possible a three-dimensional analysis of afferent behavior. 2. For each afferent we determined the most effective direction of tilt (orientation of the response vector) in three dimensions by using sinusoidal stimuli that combined pitch and roll, or pitch and yaw, or by measuring the gains to responses to roll, pitch, and yaw rotation. 3. Most afferents were sensitive to rotation around all three axes; pitch and yaw were usually more effective than roll. There was no indication of clustering of response vectors, as might be expected if the receptors were located in a small number of muscles each of which has receptors aligned in a homogeneous direction. 4. The responses of afferents were further studied using sinusoidal and trapezoidal stimuli aligned as closely as possible with the orientation of their response vector. The availability of the yaw stimulus made receptor classification based on response linearity, gain, and dynamic index more reliable than in our earlier experiments (10). 5. Muscle spindle responses were divided into three categories: A, B, and ambiguous. The evidence suggests that category A are probably spindle primary receptors and category B are secondaries. Ambiguous receptors have intermediate properties. 6. The caudal projection of spindle afferents was examined by delivering antidromic stimuli with a movable electrode on the surface of the ipsilateral dorsal column. Eighteen percent of the afferents projected to C4, and 14% as far as C5. Long caudal projections can be found in A, B, and ambiguous receptors with a range of directional sensitivities. 7. The evidence suggests that C2 spindle afferents make synapses in the midcervical segments with interneurons and propriospinal neurons that are part of the intraspinal pathway of the tonic neck reflex.

scholarly journals Utricular afferents: morphology of peripheral terminals

2015 ◽  
Vol 113 (7) ◽  
pp. 2420-2433 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Huwe ◽  
G. J. Logan ◽  
B. Williams ◽  
M. H. Rowe ◽  
E. H. Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Head Movement ◽  
Calcium Binding ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
Head Movements ◽  
Hair Bundle ◽  
Movement Direction ◽  
Head Orientation ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Bundle Structure

The utricle provides critical information about spatiotemporal properties of head movement. It comprises multiple subdivisions whose functional roles are poorly understood. We previously identified four subdivisions in turtle utricle, based on hair bundle structure and mechanics, otoconial membrane structure and hair bundle coupling, and immunoreactivity to calcium-binding proteins. Here we ask whether these macular subdivisions are innervated by distinctive populations of afferents to help us understand the role each subdivision plays in signaling head movements. We quantified the morphology of 173 afferents and identified six afferent classes, which differ in structure and macular locus. Calyceal and dimorphic afferents innervate one striolar band. Bouton afferents innervate a second striolar band; they have elongated terminals and the thickest processes and axons of all bouton units. Bouton afferents in lateral (LES) and medial (MES) extrastriolae have small-diameter axons but differ in collecting area, bouton number, and hair cell contacts (LES >> MES). A fourth, distinctive population of bouton afferents supplies the juxtastriola. These results, combined with our earlier findings on utricular hair cells and the otoconial membrane, suggest the hypotheses that MES and calyceal afferents encode head movement direction with high spatial resolution and that MES afferents are well suited to signal three-dimensional head orientation and striolar afferents to signal head movement onset.

scholarly journals COMPARATIVE MEASUREMENTS OF HEAD ANGULAR MOVEMENTS USING A CAMERA SYSTEM AND A GYROSCOPE SYSTEM

2014 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 295-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir Socha ◽  
Patrik Kutilek ◽  
Ondrej Cakrt ◽  
Rudolf Cerny
Keyword(s):  
Head Movements ◽  
Head Orientation ◽  
Quiet Stance ◽  
Body Segment ◽  
Mean Velocity ◽  
Camera System ◽  
Rehabilitation Process ◽  
Gyroscope System ◽  
The Mean ◽  
2D Data

Assessments of body-segment angular movements are very important in the rehabilitation process. Head angular movements are measured and analyzed for use in studies of stability and posture. However, there is no methodology for assessing angular movements of the head, and it has not been verified whether data measured by fundamentally different MoCap systems will lead to the same results. In this study, we used a camera system and a 3DOF orientation tracker placed on the subject’s head, and measured inclination (roll) and flexion (pitch) during quiet stance. The total length and the mean velocity of the traces of the pitch versus roll plots were used to measure and analyze head orientation. Using these methods, we are able to model the distribution of the measured 2D data, and to evaluate stability and posture. The results show that the total lengths and the mean velocities related to the 3DOF orientation tracker do not differ significantly from the total lengths and the mean velocities of traces related to the IR medical camera. We also found that the systems are not interchangeable, and that the same type of system must be used each time. The designed methods can be used for studies not only of head movements but also of movements of other segments of the human body, and can be used to compare other types of MoCap systems, depending on the requirements for a specific rehabilitation examination.

Interstitial Nucleus of Cajal Encodes Three-Dimensional Head Orientations in Fick-Like Coordinates

2007 ◽  
Vol 97 (1) ◽  
pp. 604-617 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eliana M. Klier ◽  
Hongying Wang ◽  
J. Douglas Crawford
Keyword(s):  
Coordinate System ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Semicircular Canals ◽  
Head Rotation ◽  
Head Orientation ◽  
Interstitial Nucleus Of Cajal ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Behavioral Constraints ◽  
The Right

Two central, related questions in motor control are 1) how the brain represents movement directions of various effectors like the eyes and head and 2) how it constrains their redundant degrees of freedom. The interstitial nucleus of Cajal (INC) integrates velocity commands from the gaze control system into position signals for three-dimensional eye and head posture. It has been shown that the right INC encodes clockwise (CW)-up and CW-down eye and head components, whereas the left INC encodes counterclockwise (CCW)-up and CCW-down components, similar to the sensitivity directions of the vertical semicircular canals. For the eyes, these canal-like coordinates align with Listing’s plane (a behavioral strategy limiting torsion about the gaze axis). By analogy, we predicted that the INC also encodes head orientation in canal-like coordinates, but instead, aligned with the coordinate axes for the Fick strategy (which constrains head torsion). Unilateral stimulation (50 μA, 300 Hz, 200 ms) evoked CW head rotations from the right INC and CCW rotations from the left INC, with variable vertical components. The observed axes of head rotation were consistent with a canal-like coordinate system. Moreover, as predicted, these axes remained fixed in the head, rotating with initial head orientation like the horizontal and torsional axes of a Fick coordinate system. This suggests that the head is ordinarily constrained to zero torsion in Fick coordinates by equally activating CW/CCW populations of neurons in the right/left INC. These data support a simple mechanism for controlling head orientation through the alignment of brain stem neural coordinates with natural behavioral constraints.

The three-dimensional stable mandibular landmarks in patients between the ages of 12.5 to 17.1 years

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gui Chen ◽  
Mona Al Awadi ◽  
David William Chambers ◽  
Manuel O Lagravère-Vich ◽  
Tianmin Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Mandibular Canal ◽  
Mental Foramen ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Head Orientation ◽  
Facial Growth ◽  
Linear Distance ◽  
The Right ◽  
Stable Structures

Abstract Background: With the aid of implants, Björk identified the two-dimensional mandibular stable structures in cephalogram during facial growth. However, we don't know the three-dimensional stable structures exactly. The purpose of this study was to identify the most stable mandibular landmarks in growing patients using three-dimensional images.Methods: The sample was comprised of two cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans taken about 4.6 years apart in 20 growing patients between the ages of 12.5 (T1) to 17.1 years (T2). After head orientation, landmarks were located on the chin (Pog), internal symphysis (Points C, D and E), and mandibular canals, which included the mental foramina (MF and MFA) and mandibular foramina (MdF). The linear distance change between Point C and these landmarks was measured on each CBCT to test stability through time. The reliability of the suggested stable landmarks was also evaluated. Results: The total distance changes between Point C and points D, E, Pog, MF, and MFA were all less than 1.0 mm from T1 to T2. The reliability measures of these landmarks, which were measured by the Cronbach alpha, were above 0.94 in all three dimensions for each landmark. From T1 to T2, distance changes from Point C to the right and left mandibular foramina were respectively 3.39±3.29 mm and 3.03±2.83 mm. Conclusions: During a growth period that averaged 4.6-years, ranging from 11.2 to 19.8 years, the structures that appeared relatively stable and could be used in mandibular regional superimposition included Pog, landmarks on the inferior part of the internal symphysis, and the mental foramen. The centers of the mandibular foramina, the starting points of the mandibular canal, underwent significant changes in the transverse and sagittal dimensions.

Three-Dimensional Model of the Human Eye-Head Saccadic System

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 654-666 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas Tweed
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Head Movements ◽  
Dimensional Model ◽  
Three Dimensional Model ◽  
Gaze Shifts ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Human Eye ◽  
Saccadic System ◽  
Listing's Law ◽  
Listing’S Law

Tweed, Douglas. Three-dimensional model of the human eye-head saccadic system. J. Neurophysiol. 77: 654–666, 1997. Current theories of eye-head gaze shifts deal only with one-dimensional motion, and do not touch on three-dimensional (3-D) issues such as curvature and Donders' laws. I show that recent 3-D data can be explained by a model based on ideas that are well established from one-dimensional studies, with just one new assumption: that the eye is driven toward a 3-D orientation in space that has been chosen so that Listing's law of the eye in head will hold when the eye-head movement is complete. As in previous, one-dimensional models, the eye and head are feedback-guided and the commands specifying desired eye position eye pass through a neural “saturation” so as to stay within the effective oculomotor range. The model correctly predicts the complex, 3-D trajectories of the head, eye in space, and eye in head in a variety of saccade tasks. And when it moves repeatedly to the same target, varying the contributions of eye and head, the model lands in different eye-in-space positions, but these positions differ only in their cyclotorsion about the line of sight, so they all point that line at the target—a behavior also seen in real eye-head saccades. Between movements the model obeys Listing's law of the eye in head and Donders' law of the head on torso, but during certain gaze shifts involving large torsional head movements, it shows marked, 8° deviations from Listing's law. These deviations are the most important untested predictions of the theory. Their experimental refutation would sink the model, whereas confirmation would strongly support its central claim that the eye moves toward a 3-D position in space chosen to obey Listing's law and, therefore, that a Listing operator exists upstream from the eye pulse generator.

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