The Role of Testosterone in the Etiology and Treatment of Obesity, the Metabolic Syndrome, and Diabetes Mellitus Type 2

Obesity has become a major health problem. Testosterone plays a significant role in obesity, glucose homeostasis, and lipid metabolism. The metabolic syndrome is a clustering of risk factors predisposing to diabetes mellitus type 2, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The main components of the syndrome are visceral obesity, insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, raised blood pressure and dyslipidemia (elevated triglycerides, low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol), and a proinflammatory and thrombogenic state. Cross-sectional epidemiological studies have reported a direct correlation between plasma testosterone and insulin sensitivity, and low testosterone levels are associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus, dramatically illustrated by androgen deprivation in men with prostate carcinoma. Lower total testosterone and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) predict a higher incidence of the metabolic syndrome. Administration of testosterone to hypogonadal men reverses part of the unfavorable risk profile for the development of diabetes and atherosclerosis.

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The role of testosterone in type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome in men

Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia & Metabologia ◽

10.1590/s0004-27302009000800002 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 53 (8) ◽

pp. 901-907 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Farid Saad

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Glucose Homeostasis ◽

Plasma Testosterone ◽

The Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Cardiovascular Morbidity And Mortality ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Low Levels

Over the last three decades, it has become apparent that testosterone plays a significant role in glucose homeostasis and lipid metabolism. The metabolic syndrome is a clustering of risk factors predisposing to diabetes mellitus type 2, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The main components of the syndrome are visceral obesity, insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, raised blood pressure and dyslipidemia (elevated triglycerides, low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol), and a pro-inflammatory and thrombogenic state. Cross-sectional epidemiological studies have reported a direct correlation between plasma testosterone and insulin sensitivity, and low testosterone levels are associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus, dramatically illustrated by androgen deprivation in men with prostate carcinoma. Lower total testosterone and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) predict a higher incidence of the metabolic syndrome. There is evidence that hypotestosteronemia should be an element in the definition of the metabolic syndrome since low levels of testosterone are associated with or predict the development of the metabolic syndrome and of diabetes mellitus. Administration of testosterone to hypogonadal men reverses part of the unfavorable risk profile for the development of diabetes and atherosclerosis. So far, studies on the effects of normalization of testosterone in hypogonadal men on glucose homeostasis are limited, but convincing, and if diabetes mellitus is viewed in the context of the metabolic syndrome, the present results of testosterone treatment are very encouraging.

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GRAPE POLYPHENOLS AS PATHOGENIC THERAPY OF THE METABOLIC SYNDROME AND DIABETES MELLITUS TYPE 2

Pathophysiology ◽

10.1016/j.pathophys.2018.07.128 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 25 (3) ◽

pp. 218

Author(s):

Vitalina Petrenko ◽

Anatoliy Kubyshkin ◽

Irina Fomochkina ◽

Natalia Kornienko ◽

Alexander Kucherenko

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 ◽

Diabetes Mellitus Type ◽

Grape Polyphenols ◽

The Metabolic Syndrome

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P105: Frailty as a consequence of the metabolic syndrome (case study of the diabetes mellitus type 2)

European Geriatric Medicine ◽

10.1016/s1878-7649(14)70280-3 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 5 ◽

pp. S116

Author(s):

M. Pozdnyakova ◽

K.I. Prashchayeu ◽

N. Ilnitski ◽

V. Pavlova ◽

V. Bashuk ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 ◽

Diabetes Mellitus Type ◽

The Metabolic Syndrome

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Development of an expert system for pre-diagnosis of hypertension, diabetes mellitus type 2 and metabolic syndrome

Health Informatics Journal ◽

10.1177/1460458220937095 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 26 (4) ◽

pp. 2776-2791

Author(s):

Claudio Urrea ◽

Alexis Mignogna

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Expert System ◽

High Risk ◽

Web Application ◽

Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 ◽

Diabetes Mellitus Type ◽

World Health ◽

Diagnosis Of Hypertension

This study involved the development of an expert system for the pre-diagnosis of hypertension, diabetes mellitus type 2 and metabolic syndrome. The expert system has been developed using web technologies, PHP, Apache and MySQL with CLIPS tool; the expert system includes three algorithms designed by the authors, one for each disease. The objective of this study is to provide an expert system capable of performing a pre-diagnosis for early detection of hypertension, diabetes mellitus type 2 and metabolic syndrome. The methodology to build the system consists in associated risk factors, clinical variables diagnosis criteria based on World Health Organization standards in three algorithms and then develop a program that interacts with users, besides the expert system is compared with the existing expert systems in order to show its originality and innovation. The rules of systems are designed using CLIPS systems and the Architecture Apache, MySQL and PHP for the user interface and database. The system was validated by 72 patient(s) and 3 real doctors, the total result over 72 patient(s) is low risk 16.6 percent, moderate risk 30.5 percent, moderate high risk 13.8 percent, high risk 23.6 percent, very high risk 15.2 percent, and the doctors’ feedback was similar to that shown by the system. The number of rules to create the algorithms and the criteria used were adequate and sufficient to obtain the pre-diagnosis of each disease; in addition, the languages used to design and create the web application were stable. All users who used the system obtained similar results to those obtained by doctors.

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