scholarly journals Role of Cellular Immunity in Cow’s Milk Allergy: Pathogenesis, Tolerance Induction, and Beyond

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juandy Jo ◽  
Johan Garssen ◽  
Leon Knippels ◽  
Elena Sandalova
Keyword(s):  
Cellular Immunity ◽  
Tolerance Induction ◽  
Milk Proteins ◽  
Cow’S Milk Allergy ◽  
Food Allergies ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Milk Allergy ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Cow's Milk Allergy ◽  
Cow’S Milk Proteins

Food allergy is an aberrant immune-mediated reaction against harmless food substances, such as cow’s milk proteins. Due to its very early introduction, cow’s milk allergy is one of the earliest and most common food allergies. For this reason cow’s milk allergy can be recognized as one of the first indications of an aberrant inflammatory response in early life. Classically, cow’s milk allergy, as is true for most other allergies as well, is primarily associated with abnormal humoral immune responses, that is, elevation of specific immunoglobulin E levels. There is growing evidence indicating that cellular components of both innate and adaptive immunity play significant roles during the pathogenesis of cow’s milk allergy. This is true for the initiation of the allergic phenotype (stimulation and skewing towards sensitization), development and outgrowth of the allergic disease. This review discusses findings pertaining to roles of cellular immunity in allergic inflammation, and tolerance induction against cow’s milk proteins. In addition, a possible interaction between immune mechanisms underlying cow’s milk allergy and other types of inflammation (infections and noncommunicable diseases) is discussed.

Development of Food Allergies with Special Reference to Cow's Milk Allergy

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 177-181
Author(s):  
Tony Foucard
Keyword(s):  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Gastrointestinal Symptoms ◽  
Cow’S Milk Allergy ◽  
Food Allergies ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Gradual Change ◽  
Milk Allergy ◽  
Early Introduction ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Cow's Milk Allergy

Using strict criteria, the incidence of cow's milk sensitivity is probably 1% to 2% during the first 2 years of life. Although there is a wide spectrum of sensitivity symptoms caused by cow's milk, two major groups of infants are discernible. One group consists of infants who react to small amounts of cow's milk within a few minutes up to one hour, usually with gastrointestinal symptoms or urticaria. These infants are often atopic and have positive findings on skin prick tests and radioallergosorbent test (RAST) reactions to cow's milk allergens. The other group consists of children whose reaction to cow's milk occurs one hour or longer after intake of cow's milk or cow's milk-based formula. These reactions are usually not immunoglobulin (Ig)E-mediated and different immune and nonimmune mechanisms probably cause the symptoms. The risk of developing cow's milk sensitivity seems to be influenced by the atopic constitution of the infant and the age at which cow's milk is introduced. Early exposure to cow's milk increases the risk, not only of adverse reactions to this milk but also of developing allergies to other foods. It is suggested that early introduction of cow's milk may enhance the risk of future respiratory allergies. Allergists are still not in agreement as to whether the weaning process should be rapid or should consist of a gradual change from breast milk to cow's milk in order to minimize the risk of cow's milk allergy.

scholarly journals Nutritional Management of Cow's Milk Allergy in Infants: A Comparison of DRACMA, ESPGHAN, and AAP Guidelines

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Emely L. Barrera ◽  
Carlett Ramirez-Farias ◽  
Barbara J. Marriage
Keyword(s):  
Cow’S Milk Allergy ◽  
Food Allergies ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Milk Allergy ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Global Consensus ◽  
Cow's Milk Allergy ◽  
Nutritional Recommendations ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Practical Tool

Cow’s Milk Allergy (CMA) is one of the most common food allergies presented during infancy and childhood. The diagnosis and management of CMA is a complex task. First and foremost, CMA is manifested by a variety of symptoms classified by their type of mediation (either IgE and/or non-IgE responses), organ systems involved, and the onset of the reaction. Second, although several guidelines for the management of CMA have been published worldwide, they differ in their recommendations. To our knowledge, no global consensus exists for the management of the different symptoms associated with CMA. This review provides a table to compare three widely accepted published guidelines to enable the reader to easily navigate and compare the nutritional recommendations to be followed depending on the symptomatology. This review is intended to represent a practical tool to assess the nutritional recommendations for the management of CMA.

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