The bifurcation of equilibrium of a compressed transversely isotropic bar is investigated by using a three-dimensional elasticity formulation. In this manner, an assessment of the thickness effects can be accurately performed. For isotropic rods of circular cross-section, the bifurcation value of the compressive force turns out to coincide with the Euler critical load for values of the length-over-radius ratio approximately greater than 15. The elasticity approach predicts always a lower (than the Euler value) critical load for isotropic bodies; the two examples of transversely isotropic bodies considered show also a lower critical load in comparison with the Euler value based on the axial modulus, and the reduction is larger than the one corresponding to isotropic rods with the same length over radius ratio. However, for the isotropic material, both Timoshenko’s formulas for transverse shear correction are conservative; i.e., they predict a lower critical load than the elasticity solution. For a generally transversely isotropic material only the first Timoshenko shear correction formula proved to be a conservative estimate in all cases considered. However, in all cases considered, the second estimate is always closer to the elasticity solution than the first one and therefore, a more precise estimate of the transverse shear effects. Furthermore, by performing a series expansion of the terms of the resulting characteristic equation from the elasticity formulation for the isotropic case, the Euler load is proven to be the solution in the first approximation; consideration of the second approximation gives a direct expression for the correction to the Euler load, therefore defining a new, revised, yet simple formula for column buckling. Finally, the examination of a rod with different end conditions, namely a pinned-pinned rod, shows that the thickness effects depend also on the end fixity.
Numerical Simulation of Effective Properties of 3D Piezoelectric Composites
