scholarly journals A Continuous Nonlinear Fractional-Order PI Controller for Primary Frequency Control Application

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Kamal Elyaalaoui ◽  
Moussa Labbadi ◽  
Mohammed Ouassaid ◽  
Mohamed Cherkaoui
Keyword(s):  
Power System ◽  
Fractional Order ◽  
Wind Farm ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Frequency Control ◽  
Nonlinear Function ◽  
Pi Controller ◽  
Peak Time ◽  
Primary Frequency ◽  
Primary Frequency Control

In this paper, a nonlinear fractional-order PI (NL-FO-PI) controller is proposed for primary frequency control (PFC) of a wind farm based on the squirrel cage induction generator. The new structure composites a fractional-order operator and nonlinear function to achieve better control performance for the PFC system. The benchmarking process is demonstrated by investigating the performance of fractional-order PI (FO-PI) and nonlinear PI (NL-PI) controllers. Initially, the controller is applied to a single-area power system for design and stability study and then extended to the two-area interconnected wind farm to validate the applicability in the more realistic power system. The proposed control method ensures the balance of power and keeps the system frequency within a suitable range. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed NL-FO-PI controller provides less percentage overshoot, settling time, rise time, and peak time than other controllers.

scholarly journals Application of Battery Energy Storage Systems for Primary Frequency Control in Power Systems with High Renewable Energy Penetration

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 1379
Author(s):  
Md Ruhul Amin ◽  
Michael Negnevitsky ◽  
Evan Franklin ◽  
Kazi Saiful Alam ◽  
Seyed Behzad Naderi
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Power Systems ◽  
Power System ◽  
Storage Systems ◽  
Frequency Control ◽  
Battery Energy Storage ◽  
Battery Energy Storage Systems ◽  
Battery Energy ◽  
Primary Frequency ◽  
Primary Frequency Control

In power systems, high renewable energy penetration generally results in conventional synchronous generators being displaced. Hence, the power system inertia reduces, thus causing a larger frequency deviation when an imbalance between load and generation occurs, and thus potential system instability. The problem associated with this increase in the system’s dynamic response can be addressed by various means, for example, flywheels, supercapacitors, and battery energy storage systems (BESSs). This paper investigates the application of BESSs for primary frequency control in power systems with very high penetration of renewable energy, and consequently, low levels of synchronous generation. By re-creating a major Australian power system separation event and then subsequently simulating the event under low inertia conditions but with BESSs providing frequency support, it has been demonstrated that a droop-controlled BESS can greatly improve frequency response, producing both faster reaction and smaller frequency deviation. Furthermore, it is shown via detailed investigation how factors such as available battery capacity and droop coefficient impact the system frequency response characteristics, providing guidance on how best to mitigate the impact of future synchronous generator retirements. It is intended that this analysis could be beneficial in determining the optimal BESS capacity and droop value to manage the potential frequency stability risks for a future power system with high renewable energy penetrations.

scholarly journals Optimal Power Reserve of a Wind Turbine System Participating in Primary Frequency Control

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdullah Bubshait ◽  
Marcelo G. Simões
Keyword(s):  
Wind Turbine ◽  
Pitch Angle ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Frequency Control ◽  
Synchronous Generator ◽  
Rotor Speed ◽  
Wind Turbine System ◽  
Primary Frequency ◽  
Primary Frequency Control ◽  
And Control

Participation of a wind turbine (WT) in primary frequency control (PFC) requires reserving some active power. The reserved power can be used to support the grid frequency. To maintain the required amount of reserve power, the WT is de-loaded to operate under its maximum power. The objective of this article is to design a control method for a WT system to maintain the reserved power of the WT, by controlling both pitch angle and rotor speed simultaneously in order to optimize the operation of the WT system. The pitch angle is obtained such that the stator current of the permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) is reduced. Therefore, the resistive losses in the machine and the conduction losses of the converter are minimized. To avoid an excessive number of pitch motor operations, the wind forecast is implemented in order to predict consistent pitch angle valid for longer timeframe. Then, the selected pitch angle and the known curtailed power are used to find the optimal rotor speed by applying a nonlinear equation solver. To validate the proposed de-loading approach and control method, a detailed WT system is modeled in Matlab/Simulink (The Mathworks, Natick, MA, USA, 2017). Then, the proposed control scheme is validated using hardware-in-the-loop and real time simulation built in Opal-RT (10.4.14, Opal-RT Inc., Montreal, PQ, Canada).

A Frequency Control Method by Wind Farm & Battery using Load Estimation in Isolated Power System

ENERGYO ◽  
2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akie Uehara ◽  
Tomonobu Senjyu ◽  
Atsushi Yona ◽  
Toshihisa Funabashi
Keyword(s):  
Power System ◽  
Wind Farm ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Frequency Control ◽  
Load Estimation
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