Dyads, triads, and tetrads: a multivariate simulation approach to uncovering network motifs in social graphs

Motifs represent local subgraphs that are overrepresented in networks. Several disciplines document multiple instances in which motifs appear in graphs and provide insight into the structure and processes of these networks. In the current paper, we focus on social networks and examine the prevalence of dyad, triad, and symmetric tetrad motifs among 24 networks that represent six types of social interactions: friendship, legislative co-sponsorship, Twitter messages, advice seeking, email communication, and terrorist collusion. Given that the correct control distribution for detecting motifs is a matter of continuous debate, we propose a novel approach that compares the local patterns of observed networks to random graphs simulated from exponential random graph models. Our proposed technique can produce conditional distributions that control for multiple, lower-level structural patterns simultaneously. We find evidence for five motifs using our approach, including the reciprocated dyad, three triads, and one symmetric tetrad. Results highlight the importance of mutuality, hierarchy, and clustering across multiple social interactions, and provide evidence of “structural signatures” within different genres of graph. Similarities also emerge between our findings and those in other disciplines, such as the preponderance of transitive triads.

The burden of skin disease and eye disease due to onchocerciasis in countries formerly under the African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control mandate for 1990, 2020, and 2030

Background Onchocerciasis (“river blindness”) can cause severe morbidity, including vision loss and various skin manifestations, and is targeted for elimination using ivermectin mass drug administration (MDA). We calculated the number of people with Onchocerca volvulus infection and onchocercal skin and eye disease as well as disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) lost from 1990 through to 2030 in areas formerly covered by the African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control. Methods Per MDA implementation unit, we collated data on the pre-control distribution of microfilariae (mf) prevalence and the history of control. Next, we predicted trends in infection and morbidity over time using the ONCHOSIM simulation model. DALY estimates were calculated using disability weights from the Global Burden of Disease Study. Results In 1990, prior to MDA implementation, the total population at risk was 79.8 million with 26.0 million (32.5%) mf-positive individuals, of whom 17.5 million (21.9%) had some form of onchocercal skin or eye disease (2.5 million DALYs lost). By 2030, the total population was predicted to increase to 236.1 million, while the number of mf-positive cases (about 6.8 million, 2.9%), people with skin or eye morbidity (4.2 million, 1.8%), and DALYs lost (0.7 million) were predicted to decline. Conclusions MDA has had a remarkable impact on the onchocerciasis burden in countries previously under the APOC mandate. In the few countries where we predict continued transmission between now and 2030, intensified MDA could be combined with local vector control efforts, or the introduction of new drugs for mopping up residual cases of infection and morbidity.

256 Evaluation of Replacement of Dietary Corn with Corn Bran Plus Condensed Distillers Solubles on Growth Performance and Carcass Trait Responses in Finishing Beef Steers

This experiment evaluated replacing dietary corn (50:50 blend of dry-rolled and high-moisture) with corn bran plus condensed distillers solubles (CBCDS) on finishing phase growth performance, efficiency of dietary net energy (NE) utilization, comparative NE value, and carcass trait responses in finishing beef steers. This study used 30 pens of 8 steers/pen assigned to one of three treatments in a randomized complete block design (initial BW=401±43.2 kg); pen served as the experimental unit. Treatments included: 1) finishing diet that contained no corn co-product (Control); 2) finishing diet that contained a dry-corn milling bio-refinery product (20% DM basis inclusion) that replaced corn in the diet: CBCDS; 3) finishing diet that contained a wet-corn milling co-product (20% DM basis inclusion) that replaced corn in the diet: wet corn gluten feed (WCGF). For all analyses, an α of 0.05 determined significance and an α of 0.06 to 0.10 was a tendency. No differences were detected (P ≥ 0.58) among treatments for carcass-adjusted final BW (HCW/0.6433), ADG, or G:F. Observed NE for maintenance and gain was not impacted (P ≥ 0.28) by treatment. No appreciable influence for treatment was detected for the ratio of observed to expected dietary NE for maintenance or gain (P ≥ 0.40). Replacement NEm and NEg values (Mcal/45.4 kg) were determined to be 93.5 and 62.3 for CBCDS and 91.5 and 60.5 for WCGF. There was no influence (P ≥ 0.16) of treatment on DP, HCW, REA, RF, USDA Marbling, KPH, EBF, or final BW at 28% EBF. Treatment tended to influence (P = 0.10) YG, where steers fed WCGF had lesser YG than Control; however, CBCDS diet was intermediate, not differing from WCGF or Control. Distribution of USDA Quality and Yield Grade did not differ (P ≥ 0.29) among treatments. Substitution of corn for CBCDS at 20% of dietary DM can occur without detriment to growth performance or carcass traits.

Increases in Naloxone Administrations by Emergency Medical Services Providers During the COVID-19 Pandemic (Preprint)

BACKGROUND The opioid crisis in the United States may be exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. OBJECTIVE The current study examines changes in naloxone administrations during Emergency Medical Service (EMS) runs for opioid-related overdoses during the COVID-19 pandemic in Guilford County, North Carolina. METHODS A period-over-period approach was used to explore EMS data from Guilford County, North Carolina on opioid overdose-related runs. We compared trends in the frequency of opioid-related EMS runs, naloxone administrations (NAs), and multiple naloxone administrations (MNAs) 29 weeks before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Furthermore, past data were used to generate a quasi-control distribution of period-over-period changes to compare the change observed during the COVID-19 period to each 29-week period back to January 1, 2014. RESULTS All outcomes increased during the COVID-19 period. Compared to the previous 29 weeks, we observed significant proportional increases in mean number of opioid-related EMS runs (37.4%), NAs (57.8%), and MNAs (84.8%). Compared to each previous 29-week period, the COVID-19 period saw increases across all outcomes that were greater than 91% of all past period-over-period changes. CONCLUSIONS The current study is the first to report increases in both incidence (NAs) and severity (MNAs) of opioid overdoses during the COVID-19 pandemic. For a host of reasons that need to be explored, the COVID-19 pandemic appears to markedly increase the occurrence and lethality of the opioid crisis in Guilford County, NC.

Fault Tolerant Control Algorithm of Hexarotor UAV

As the best representative of the current cutting-edge technology, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is widely used in various fields such as electric power inspection, agriculture, forestry and plant protection, fire rescue, and film and television shooting. With the rapid development of UAV, the safety work of UAV has become more important. In order to improve the safety of hexarotor UAV during flight, a fault-tolerant control scheme independent of basic control law and control distribution is designed in this paper. Firstly, the linear active disturbance rejection control (LADRC) was used as the basic control law for attitude control of hexarotor UAV. Secondly, in the case of actuator failure of hexarotor UAV, a fault observer was used to estimate fault information accurately. Then, on this basis, the control distribution matrix was adjusted to reduce the use of the faulty motor, and the purpose of fault-tolerant control was achieved. Finally, simulation experiments and actual flight experiments were carried out to verify the effectiveness of the proposed scheme. Experimental results show that the proposed scheme can improve the robustness of the control system and the flight safety of UAV.

When Teacher Education Goes Mobile: A Study on Complex Emergence

ABSTRACT The popularity of mobile devices brings on new challenges for teacher education. Based on complexity theory, this qualitative study1 seeks to better understand the dynamics of a social group, especially the conditions for the emergence of learning in a mobile educational experience. Sixty in-service teachers in Brazil participated in a six-week course via WhatsApp. The analysis of the answers to questionnaires and the corpus generated by the teachers’ interactions indicate that the devices’ mobility favored interactions, control distribution, and social repertoire of possibilities. The findings also indicate that the teachers recognize the potential of mobile technology for mediating learning experiences.

RELASI GENDER DALAM KELUARGA PEREMPUAN OJEK-ONLINE DI SURAKARTA (Studi Deskriptif Pada Keluarga Perempuan Ojek-Online Go-Jek di Surakarta)

<p>This research aims to determine the activities division, access-control distribution, and the factors that influence the division of activities and access-control in the families of women-online taxibikers “Go-Jek” in Surakarta. Talcott Parsons’ Structural Functionalism theory is used in this research. This is a qualitative descriptive research. The data were collected from indepth interview, observation, and documentation. The subjects were the families of women-online taxibikers “Gojek in Surakarta. The researcher used source triangulation to examine the validity of the data. In analyzing the data, the researcher used Miles and Huberman’s theory which consisted of data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusion. In addition, Harvard’s analysis technique was also used to observe the gender’s profile within a family.</p><p>The results show that there are division of activities in the families of women-online taxibikers. The production activities in those families are carried out together, both husband and wife work together to earn a living. It proves that there are equal opportunities for the husband and wife in carrying out production activities. Whereas in reproductive activities, even though there is already a husband's involvement, the wife has more dominant role. In social activities, there are activities-differentiation for husband and wife although they are both involved in community activities. Men's activities are still regarded to be public-oriented, while women's activities are still related to reproductive matters. Regarding the access-control division, it is now done by the woman or wife more oftenly. The factors that influence the distribution of activities and access control in the families of women-online taxibikers “Go-Jek” are economic, cultural, and educational factors. It can be concluded that gender relations in the families of women-online taxibikers “Go-Jek” in Surakarta have complementary relationships. Although there are some differences in roles, they have the same goal, namely family harmony.</p>