Reproductive function is exquisitely sensitive to adequacy of nutrition and fuel reserves, through mechanisms that are yet to be completely elucidated. Galanin-like peptide (GALP) has recently emerged as another neuropeptide link that couples reproduction and metabolism. However, although the effects of GALP on luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion have been studied, no systematic investigation on how these responses might differ along sexual maturation and between sexes has been reported. Moreover, the influence of metabolic status and potential interplay with other relevant neurotransmitters controlling LH secretion remain ill defined. These facets of GALP physiology were addressed herein. Intracerebral injection of GALP to male rats induced a dose-dependent increase in serum LH levels, the magnitude of which was significantly greater in pubertal than in adult males. In contrast, negligible LH responses to GALP were detected in pubertal or adult female rats at diestrus. Neonatal androgen treatment to females failed to “masculinize” the pattern of LH response to GALP. In addition, metabolic stress by short-term fasting did not prevent but rather amplified LH responses to GALP in pubertal males, whereas these responses were abrogated by pharmacological inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis. We conclude that the ability of GALP to evoke LH secretion is sexually differentiated, with maximal responses at male puberty, a phenomenon which was not reverted by manipulation of sex steroid milieu during the critical neonatal period and was sensitive to metabolic stress. This state of LH hyperresponsiveness may prove relevant for the mechanisms relaying metabolic status to the reproductive axis in male puberty.
Interactions Between Opioid Peptides and Adrenaline-Containing Neurons Modulate Luteinizing Hormone Secretion in Male Rats
