Early Management and Gender Assignment in Disorders of Sexual Differentiation

2007 ◽  
pp. 47-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
I.A. Hughes
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Differentiation ◽  
Gender Assignment ◽  
Early Management ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Disorders Of Sexual Differentiation

scholarly journals Diagnosis and management of 46,XY mixed gonadal dysgenesis and disorder of sexual differentiation

Medicina ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 357
Author(s):  
Gilvydas Verkauskas ◽  
Diana Mačianskytė ◽  
Dainius Jančiauskas ◽  
Romualdas Preikša ◽  
Rasa Verkauskienė ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Differentiation ◽  
Gonadal Dysgenesis ◽  
Ambiguous Genitalia ◽  
Urogenital Sinus ◽  
Gender Assignment ◽  
Primordial Follicles ◽  
Mixed Gonadal Dysgenesis ◽  
Disorders Of Sexual Differentiation ◽  
Operative Findings ◽  
Gonadal Biopsy

Objective. We present our experience in diagnosing, gender assignment, and surgical management of sexual ambiguity in 46,XY mixed gonadal dysgenesis. Material and methods. A retrospective study of five cases treated from 2003 to 2006 was performed. Clinical picture, operative findings, testosterone levels, and immunohistochemistry of gonads for the expression of FOXL2, SOX9, AMH, AMHr, C-kit, and PLAP were analyzed. Results. All patients had ambiguous genitalia, urogenital sinus, uterus, testicle on one side, and a streak gonad on the other. Four patients were reared as male and one as female. Stimulation by human chorionic gonadotropin showed good penile size and testosterone response. All patients underwent laparoscopic gonadal biopsy and/or gonadectomy. Histological studies showed the presence of sparse primordial follicles surrounded by embryonic sex cords in the streak portion of gonads. Germ cells were C-kit positive in all and PLAP positive in four patients. FOXL2 expression was detected in four streak gonads and in none of testes. AMH expression was found only in testes. SOX9 expression was found in both investigated testes and in three out of four streak gonads investigated. Conclusions. 46,XY mixed gonadal dysgenesis should be differentiated from ovotesticular and other types of 46,XY disorders of sexual differentiation by the typical gonadal histology and internal genital structure. High testosterone level after stimulation and good response to testosterone treatment in 46,XY mixed gonadal dysgenesis could orient toward male sex assignment. There are different patterns of gene expression in testicular and streak gonads with a switch to FOXL2 positivity in streak gonads. Early gonadal and genital surgery is recommended.

The effects of language impairment on the use of direct object pronouns and verb inflections in heritage Spanish speakers: A look at attrition, incomplete acquisition and maintenance

2011 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
PEGGY F. JACOBSON
Keyword(s):  
Language Impairment ◽  
Error Rates ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
Gender Assignment ◽  
Verb Inflection ◽  
Heritage Spanish Speakers ◽  
Third Person ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Verb Inflections ◽  
Incomplete Acquisition

This study examined object clitic pronouns (OCPs) and verb inflections in twenty-five school-age children with typical development (TD) and twenty children with bilingual language impairment (BLI). MANOVA and ANOVA were used to explore differences according to grade level and language status (TD vs. BLI). Although children with BLI produced higher rates of grammatical errors overall, accuracy on number and gender assignment for OCPs was better for both groups in the higher grades. Although the rate of verb inflection errors did not differ for children with TD and BLI in the lower grades, a significant interaction yielded higher error rates on subject–verb agreement for third person singular and plural inflections in the later grades for children with BLI. Greater accuracy on OCP use in later grades weakens claims that bilingualism exacerbates language impairment. For BLI, whether incomplete acquisition or delayed development is the determining factor for verb inflection errors remains undetermined.

Number and Gender Assignment to loanwords in Arabic: Implications from Varieties

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sami Hamdi
Keyword(s):  
Gender Assignment ◽  
The Core ◽  
Grammatical Categories ◽  
Frequency Of Use ◽  
And Gender

Number and gender are two of the core grammatical categories in Arabic. The assignment of number and gender to foreign words is an area of conflict between MSA and other Arabic varieties. This paper investigates the factors that stand behind the seemingly irregularity of number and gender assignment in Arabic. It appears that speakers follow a form standardized by MSA or enforce another form following their dialects and community conventions. This variation in number and gender assignment to loans gives rise to multiple competing forms that may not be recognized by MSA or some other varieties of Arabic. Yet, the findings demonstrate consistency in assigning number and gender to loans by applying native patterns motivated by frequency of use andthe semantics of the referents.

scholarly journals Semantic Categories and Gender Assignment in Contact Spanish: Type of Code-Switching and its Relevance to Linguistic Outcomes

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 405-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Osmer Balam
Keyword(s):  
Native Speakers ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Production Data ◽  
Abstract Concepts ◽  
Gender Assignment ◽  
Semantic Categories ◽  
Oral Production ◽  
The Status ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Semantic Domains

The present study examines two aspects of determiner phrases (dps) that have been previously investigated in Spanish/English code-switching; namely, the openness of semantic domains to non-native nouns and gender assignment in monolingual versus code-switched speech. The quantitative analysis of naturalistic, oral production data from 62 native speakers of Northern Belizean Spanish revealed both similarities and notable differences vis-à-vis previous findings for varieties of Spanish/English code-switching in theu.s. Hispanophone context. Semantic domains that favoured non-native nouns in Spanish/Englishdps included academia, technology, work/money-related terms, abstract concepts, linguistics/language terms and everyday items. In relation to gender assignation, assignment patterns in monolingualdps were canonical whereas an overwhelming preference for the masculine default gender was attested in mixeddps. Biological gender was not found to be deterministic in switcheddps. The analysis highlights the important role that type of code-switching has on contact outcomes in bi/multilingual communities, as speech patterns are reflective of the status and resourcefulness that code-switching is afforded at a societal and idiolectal level.

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