scholarly journals Predicting temperature of Erbil City applying deep learning and neural network

Author(s):  
Sardar M. R. K. Al- Jumur ◽  
Shahab Wahhab Kareem ◽  
Raghad Z. Yousif

<span>One of the most significant and daunting activities in today's world is temperature prediction. The meteorologists traditionally predict temperature via some statistical models aimed to forecast the fluctuations that might have happened to atmospheric parameters such as temperature, humidity, etc. The main objective of this paper is to build an intelligent temperature prediction model of Erbil city in KRG/ Iraq based on a historical dataset from 1992 to 2016 in each year there are twelve months’ average temperature readings from (January to December). Hence to resolve this prediction problem an up-to-date deep learning neural network has been used, the network model is based on <span id="docs-internal-guid-850bd062-7fff-c6c8-9146-ba6427eb24e0" style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">long short-term memory</span> (LSTM) as an artificial recurrent neural network (RNN) architecture which employed to estimate the future average temperature. The implementing model uses the dataset from real-time 30 weather stations deployed in the area of the city. The prediction performance of the proposed recurrent neural network model has been compared with some state of art algorithms like Adeline neural network, Autoregressive neural network (NAR), and <span id="docs-internal-guid-14d37b98-7fff-0f76-848f-ad9f89224f77" style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> generalized regression neural network</span> (GRNN). The results show that the proposed model based on deep learning gives minimum prediction error.</span>

Author(s):  
Cláudio Pondé Avena

<span style="font: 13px/normal verdana, arial; color: #000000; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: 0px; float: none; display: inline !important; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff;">Este artigo apresenta uma metodologia inovadora para estimação da demanda por educação. Além disso, ele estima, em seção transversal, as demandas agregadas pelos cursos existentes na UFBa a partir da base de dados do Vestibular para os anos de 1993 a 2001(exceto os anos de 1996, 1999 e 2000). Para isto, desenvolvem-se modelos de estimação do custo de oportunidade e de renda vitalícia do aluno. Esta última pode ser interpretada como o estoque de capital humano do indivíduo com educação superior na Região Metropolitana de Salvador. Os modelos estimados apresentam um poder de explicação excepcionalmente alto, com especial destaque para a renda vitalícia, que explica mais de 80% da variabilidade da demanda. Isto demonstra a viabilidade de se utilizar o número de matrículas como<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><em style="color: #000000; text-transform: none; line-height: normal; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; font-family: verdana, arial; font-size: 13px; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff;">proxy</em><span style="font: 13px/normal verdana, arial; color: #000000; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: 0px; float: none; display: inline !important; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff;">para o estoque de capital humano em modelos de crescimento econômico, como é usual na literatura de<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><em style="color: #000000; text-transform: none; line-height: normal; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; font-family: verdana, arial; font-size: 13px; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff;">growth</em><span style="font: 13px/normal verdana, arial; color: #000000; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: 0px; float: none; display: inline !important; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><em style="color: #000000; text-transform: none; line-height: normal; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; font-family: verdana, arial; font-size: 13px; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff;">accounting</em><span style="font: 13px/normal verdana, arial; color: #000000; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: 0px; float: none; display: inline !important; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff;">. Outros resultados são apresentados, como as elasticidades da demanda e a taxa marginal de substituição entre o custo de oportunidade e a renda vitalícia.</span>


Author(s):  
Hojun Lee ◽  
Donghwan Yun ◽  
Jayeon Yoo ◽  
Kiyoon Yoo ◽  
Yong Chul Kim ◽  
...  

Background and objectivesIntradialytic hypotension has high clinical significance. However, predicting it using conventional statistical models may be difficult because several factors have interactive and complex effects on the risk. Herein, we applied a deep learning model (recurrent neural network) to predict the risk of intradialytic hypotension using a timestamp-bearing dataset.Design, setting, participants, & measurementsWe obtained 261,647 hemodialysis sessions with 1,600,531 independent timestamps (i.e., time-varying vital signs) and randomly divided them into training (70%), validation (5%), calibration (5%), and testing (20%) sets. Intradialytic hypotension was defined when nadir systolic BP was <90 mm Hg (termed intradialytic hypotension 1) or when a decrease in systolic BP ≥20 mm Hg and/or a decrease in mean arterial pressure ≥10 mm Hg on the basis of the initial BPs (termed intradialytic hypotension 2) or prediction time BPs (termed intradialytic hypotension 3) occurred within 1 hour. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curves, the area under the precision-recall curves, and F1 scores obtained using the recurrent neural network model were compared with those obtained using multilayer perceptron, Light Gradient Boosting Machine, and logistic regression models.ResultsThe recurrent neural network model for predicting intradialytic hypotension 1 achieved an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.94 (95% confidence intervals, 0.94 to 0.94), which was higher than those obtained using the other models (P<0.001). The recurrent neural network model for predicting intradialytic hypotension 2 and intradialytic hypotension 3 achieved area under the receiver operating characteristic curves of 0.87 (interquartile range, 0.87–0.87) and 0.79 (interquartile range, 0.79–0.79), respectively, which were also higher than those obtained using the other models (P≤0.001). The area under the precision-recall curve and F1 score were higher using the recurrent neural network model than they were using the other models. The recurrent neural network models for intradialytic hypotension were highly calibrated.ConclusionsOur deep learning model can be used to predict the real-time risk of intradialytic hypotension.


2008 ◽  
Vol 19 (40) ◽  
pp. 191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vandré Gomes da Silva

<span style="font: 13px/normal verdana, arial; color: #000000; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: 0px; float: none; display: inline !important; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff;">Com base na análise conceitual de usos aparentemente consensuais do termo "qualidade" no campo da educação, o presente trabalho discute a validade do que se denomina aqui<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><em style="color: #000000; text-transform: none; line-height: normal; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; font-family: verdana, arial; font-size: 13px; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff;">narrativa instrumental da qualidade em educação. Essa narrativa se assenta na definição de qualidade restrita a determinados resultados obtidos pelos alunos, quanto ao seu rendimento cognitivo, em avaliações de larga escala, e na utilidade e eficiência que porventura tenham esses resultados,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></em><span style="font: 13px/normal verdana, arial; color: #000000; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: 0px; float: none; display: inline !important; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff;">em termos estritamente econômicos. Os pressupostos dessa narrativa instrumental se fundam em fins extrínsecos à própria educação escolar, relegando-a à condição de um simples meio para a satisfação de necessidades antes criadas por uma sociedade de consumo do que legitimamente estabelecidas por uma discussão de caráter eminentemente público e político. É como se o valor da escola pudesse ser estimado pela riqueza ou pelo<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><em style="color: #000000; text-transform: none; line-height: normal; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; font-family: verdana, arial; font-size: 13px; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff;">status</em><span style="font: 13px/normal verdana, arial; color: #000000; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: 0px; float: none; display: inline !important; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>social que proporciona aos indivíduos ou pelo desenvolvimento econômico que pode acarretar à sociedade, notadamente desigual em relação aos indivíduos e grupos que a compõem. Desse modo, a formação escolar se vê reduzida a atender a certos interesses socialmente valorizados, supostamente capazes de viabilizar as condições para se obterem mais e melhores resultados, alimentando um fluxo sem sentido</span>


2010 ◽  
Vol 21 (45) ◽  
pp. 45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Carolina Pereira Zoghbi ◽  
Bruno Teodoro Oliva ◽  
Gabriela Miranda Moriconi

<span style="font: 13px/normal verdana, arial; color: #000000; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: 0px; float: none; display: inline !important; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff;">A aplicação do Exame Nacional do Desempenho dos Estudantes (Enade) para alunos ingressantes trouxe um significativo avanço para a avaliação do ensino superior no país: a possibilidade do cálculo de uma medida de valor agregado do curso, o Indicador de Diferença entre os Desempenhos Esperado e Observado (IDD). Uma proposta para a melhoria da avaliação do ensino superior brasileiro, porém, seria a utilização dos resultados do Exame Nacional do Ensino Médio (Enem) como<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><em style="color: #000000; text-transform: none; line-height: normal; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; font-family: verdana, arial; font-size: 13px; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff;">baseline<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></em><span style="font: 13px/normal verdana, arial; color: #000000; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: 0px; float: none; display: inline !important; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff;">para o cálculo do IDD. Haveria um aumento da eficiência devido à não aplicação do Enade para alunos ingressantes, reduzindo custos. Já o aumento da eficácia se daria em razão da obtenção de um<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><em style="color: #000000; text-transform: none; line-height: normal; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; font-family: verdana, arial; font-size: 13px; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff;">baseline</em><span style="font: 13px/normal verdana, arial; color: #000000; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: 0px; float: none; display: inline !important; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>melhor, em virtude dos fortes incentivos para fazer a prova. Neste estudo, analisou-se a possibilidade de se utilizar os resultados do Enem, como alternativa aos resultados do Enade dos ingressantes, para o cálculo do IDD dos cursos. Ao calcularmos um novo IDD, substituindo a nota do Enade dos alunos ingressantes pela nota do Enem desses alunos, obtivemos correlações entre esse novo IDD e o IDD calculado tradicionalmente, de cerca de 0,75, indicando que não haveria uma mudança muito significativa na ordenação das notas dos indivíduos, o que viabilizaria essa substituição.</span>


2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 168
Author(s):  
Sani Ega Priani ◽  
Taufik Muhammad Fakih

<p id="docs-internal-guid-fa145b0a-7fff-0af1-a074-1cbfd7cb8daf" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-left: 0.35pt; margin-right: -0.1pt; text-align: justify; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 6pt;" dir="ltr"><span style="font-size: 8.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Limbah kulit buah cokelat diketahui mengandung berbagai senyawa aktif, termasuk di antaranya adalah golongan flavonoid. Senyawa flavonoid diketahui berpotensi memiliki aktivitas inhibitor enzim tirosinase, suatu enzim yang menstimulasi proses pembentukan melanin. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi interaksi antara senyawa flavonoid dari kulit buah cokelat dengan enzim tirosinase menggunakan metode penambatan molekuler secara </span><span style="font-size: 8.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">in silico</span><span style="font-size: 8.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. Pengujian dilakukan dengan beberapa tahapan yakni preparasi makromolekul enzim, pemodelan molekul senyawa uji, identifikasi sisi aktif molekul enzim, identifikasi dan evaluasi penambatan molekuler, serta simulasi dinamika molekuler senyawa uji dengan molekul enzim. Hasil simulasi penambatan molekuler antara molekul enzim dengan ligan alaminya yakni tirosin memberikan energi ikatan sebesar -4,91 kkal/mol. Senyawa flavonoid dari kulit buah cokelat yakni apigenin, epikatekin, katekin, kaemferol, kuersetin, dan kuersitrin  diketahui memiliki afinitas pada sisi aktif enzim tirosinase dengan energi ikatan berturut turut -6,14; -6,17; -6,01; -5,89; -6,13; -6,81 kkal/mol. Hasil simulasi dinamika molekuler menunjukkan kuersitrin memiliki stabilitas yang baik dengan nilai RMSD rata-rata dan nilai energi bebas ikatan MM/PBSA masing-masing sebesar ±1,73 Å dan -80,12 kJ/mol. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa senyawa turunan flavonoid tersebut mampu berikatan dengan sisi aktif enzim tirosinase dengan afinitas yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan ligan alaminya diamati dari nilai energi ikatannya. Senyawa turunan flavonoid yang terkandung dalam kulit buah cokelat berpotensi menjadi inhibitor kompetitif dari enzim tirosinase.</span></p><p style="line-height: 1.2; margin-left: 0.35pt; margin-right: -0.1pt; text-align: justify; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 6pt;" dir="ltr"><span style="font-size: 8.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><strong><span id="docs-internal-guid-99cc03b4-7fff-2cb3-0bd8-cbf26c857d04" style="font-size: 8.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Identification of In Silico Tyrosinase Inhibitory Activity of Flavonoid Derivative Compounds in Cocoa Pod Husk (</span><span style="font-size: 8.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Theobroma cacao </span><span style="font-size: 8.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">L.). </span></strong><span style="font-size: 8.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Cocoa pod husk was known to contain several active compounds, such as flavonoids. Flavonoid compounds are known to potentially have inhibitory activity of the tyrosinase, the enzyme which stimulates melanin synthesis.</span><span style="font-size: 8.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">This study was conducted to evaluate the molecular interaction between flavonoids from cocoa pod husk with tyrosinase enzyme using in silico molecular docking method. The study was carried out through several stages, including preparation of enzyme macromolecules, modeling the molecule of the test compound, identifying the active site of the enzyme molecule, identifying and evaluating molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulations of the test compound with the enzyme molecule. Molecular docking simulation between the enzyme and its natural ligand (tyrosine) produces binding energy of -4.91 kcal/mol. Flavonoid compounds from cocoa pod husk, including apigenin, epicatechin, catechin, kaempferol, quercetin, dan quercitrin, have an affinity on the active site of the enzyme with binding energy were -6.14; -6.17; -6.01; -5.89; -6.13; -6.81 kcal/mol, respectively. Then the molecular dynamics simulation shows quercitrin has good stability interaction with the average RMSD value and the MM/PBSA binding-free energy values of ±1.73 Å and -80.12 kJ/mol, respectively. The results showed that flavonoids of cocoa pod husc extract have an affinity to the active site of the enzyme, with a stronger binding energy than the original ligand. The flavonoid compounds of cocoa pod husk potential as a competitive inhibitor of the tyrosinase enzyme.</span></span></p>


2010 ◽  
Vol 21 (45) ◽  
pp. 169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glauco da Silva Aguiar

<span style="font: 13px/normal verdana, arial; color: #000000; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: 0px; float: none; display: inline !important; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff;">O texto apresenta o<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><em style="color: #000000; text-transform: none; line-height: normal; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; font-family: verdana, arial; font-size: 13px; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff;">Differential Item Functioning<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></em><span style="font: 13px/normal verdana, arial; color: #000000; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: 0px; float: none; display: inline !important; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff;">(DIF) como uma importante ferramenta estatística na identificação de diferenças em testes de habilidade cognitiva que fazem uso da Teoria de Resposta ao Item (TRI), a exemplo do que ocorre nas avaliações educacionais em larga escala. Um item apresenta DIF quando alunos de diferentes grupos que possuem a mesma habilidade cognitiva não têm a mesma probabilidade de acertarem o item. O presente trabalho utiliza os resultados do Brasil e de Portugal, no Programa Internacional de Avaliação dos Estudantes (PISA), de 2003, cuja área de conhecimento privilegiada foi a Matemática. Foram analisados 84 itens aplicados a alunos de 41 países, sendo 4452 brasileiros e 4608, portugueses. Os resultados discutidos mostram que alguns itens apresentam funcionamento diferencial entre alunos brasileiros e portugueses, principalmente em função da subárea da Matemática e do contexto em que o conhecimento matemático é aplicado.</span>


Author(s):  
Mahmoud M. A. Eid ◽  
Ahmed Nabih Zaki Rashed

<p><span id="docs-internal-guid-52ae510c-7fff-0f9d-c23b-ec77d8fd1141" style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">This </span><span id="docs-internal-guid-22aadf85-7fff-c447-0533-2748148ff46b" style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">study simulates the hybrid non return to zero (NRZ)/return to zero (RZ) line coding scheme based hybrid free space optics (FSO)/fiber optics (FO) dual channel communication systems. The max Q factor/Min BER are simulated after APD receiver based both erbium doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs) and wide band traveling wave semiconductor optical amplifiers (WBTWSOAs) with 50 km fiber channel and 4 km FSO channel. Max SPAL/min noise SPAL, max signal power amplitude/min noise signal power variations with spectral frequency, and the total electrical power are demonstrated and clarified in this proposed study. This work emphasized that the fiber channel is reached up to 100 km reach and FSO channel can be also extended to 4 km reach with 40 Gbps.</span></p>


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric J. Ma ◽  
Arkadij Kummer

AbstractUniRep is a recurrent neural network model trained on 24 million protein sequences, and has shown utility in protein engineering. The original model, however, has rough spots in its implementation, and a convenient API is not available for certain tasks. To rectify this, we reimplemented the model in JAX/NumPy, achieving near-100X speedups in forward pass performance, and implemented a convenient API for specialized tasks. In this article, we wish to document our model reimplementation process with the goal of educating others interested in learning how to dissect a deep learning model, and engineer it for robustness and ease of use.


2004 ◽  
Vol 15 (30) ◽  
pp. 83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia de Oliveira Fernandes

<span style="font: 13px/normal verdana, arial; color: #000000; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: 0px; float: none; display: inline !important; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff;">O trabalho apresenta os resultados obtidos a partir de um<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><em style="color: #000000; text-transform: none; line-height: normal; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; font-family: verdana, arial; font-size: 13px; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff;">survey</em><span style="font: 13px/normal verdana, arial; color: #000000; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: 0px; float: none; display: inline !important; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff;">educacional (Saeb 2001) no que diz respeito à temática da organização da escolaridade em ciclos, em especial a análise do contexto geral no qual os ciclos foram implementados, as condições escolares e as atitudes dos docentes das escolas em ciclos. Tal análise foi realizada a partir da comparação entre escolas seriadas e escolas organizadas em ciclos, utilizando-se indicadores que mostraram diferenças percentuais significativas em relação às categorias citadas acima. Os resultados demonstraram aspectos de significativa relevância no que tange às ações necessárias para a implementação dos ciclos nas escolas brasileiras.</span>


2006 ◽  
Vol 17 (33) ◽  
pp. 89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gisele Soncini Rodrigues ◽  
Angela Mara de Barros Lara

<span style="font: 13px/normal verdana, arial; color: #000000; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: 0px; float: none; display: inline !important; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff;">Esta pesquisa é um estudo da organização das políticas educacionais destinadas à educação infantil brasileira da década de 1990, e que se estende até os dias atuais, no contexto das organizações multilaterais - especificamente o Banco Mundial. As propostas das organizações multilaterais, voltadas para as crianças pequenas dos países em desenvolvimento, não são as mesmas que as dos países desenvolvidos. Diante dessa disparidade, investigamos o documento oficial do Banco Mundial,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><em style="color: #000000; text-transform: none; line-height: normal; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; font-family: verdana, arial; font-size: 13px; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff;">Prioridades y Estrategias para la Educacion</em><span style="font: 13px/normal verdana, arial; color: #000000; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; word-spacing: 0px; float: none; display: inline !important; white-space: normal; background-color: #ffffff;">, de 1995, para entendermos que esses programas pautam-se no discurso da necessidade de atender à classe mais pobre, propondo programas de baixo custo. Mostramos que a educação pré-escolar se apresenta como uma função compensatória, pois se torna perceptível a prevalência do “cuidar” ao “educar”.</span>


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