scholarly journals Predicting Axonal Response to Molecular Gradients with a Computational Model of Filopodial Dynamics

2004 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. 2221-2243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey J. Goodhill ◽  
Ming Gu ◽  
Jeffrey S. Urbach
Keyword(s):  
Computational Model ◽  
Intracellular Signaling ◽  
Concentration Gradients ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Gradient Sensing ◽  
Directed Movement ◽  
Molecular Concentration ◽  
Term Response ◽  
Developing Nervous System

Axons are often guided to their targets in the developing nervous system by attractive or repulsive molecular concentration gradients. We propose a computational model for gradient sensing and directed movement of the growth cone mediated by filopodia. We show that relatively simple mechanisms are sufficient to generate realistic trajectories for both the short-term response of axons to steep gradients and the long-term response of axons to shallow gradients. The model makes testable predictions for axonal response to attractive and repulsive gradients of different concentrations and steepness, the size of the intracellular amplification of the gradient signal, and the differences in intracellular signaling required for repulsive versus attractive turning.

Unfolding the case of returnees: How the European Union and its member States are addressing the return of foreign fighters and their families

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
Carlota Rigotti ◽  
Júlia Zomignani Barboza
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Perceived Threat ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Security Threat ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Member States ◽  
Foreign Fighters ◽  
Term Response

Abstract The return of foreign fighters and their families to the European Union has mostly been considered a security threat by member States, which consequently adopt repressive measures aimed at providing an immediate, short-term response to this perceived threat. In addition to this strong-arm approach, reintegration strategies have also been used to prevent returnees from falling back into terrorism and to break down barriers of hostility between citizens in the long term. Amidst these different strategies, this paper seeks to identify which methods are most desirable for handling returnees.

An oncology clinical trial design with randomization adaptive to both short- and long-term responses

2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (7) ◽  
pp. 2015-2031 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hao Liu ◽  
Xiao Lin ◽  
Xuelin Huang
Keyword(s):  
Trial Design ◽  
Clinical Trial Design ◽  
Therapeutic Benefit ◽  
Survival Outcome ◽  
Operating Characteristics ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Long Term Survival ◽  
Term Response

In oncology clinical trials, both short-term response and long-term survival are important. We propose an urn-based adaptive randomization design to incorporate both of these two outcomes. While short-term response can update the randomization probability quickly to benefit the trial participants, long-term survival outcome can also change the randomization to favor the treatment arm with definitive therapeutic benefit. Using generalized Friedman’s urn, we derive an explicit formula for the limiting distribution of the number of subjects assigned to each arm. With prior or hypothetical knowledge on treatment effects, this formula can be used to guide the selection of parameters for the proposed design to achieve desirable patient number ratios between different treatment arms, and thus optimize the operating characteristics of the trial design. Simulation studies show that the proposed design successfully assign more patients to the treatment arms with either better short-term tumor response or long-term survival outcome or both.

ConsciousControlFlow(CCF): Conscious Artificial Intelligence Based on Needs

2021 ◽  
pp. 2150013
Author(s):  
Hongzhi Wang ◽  
Bozhou Chen ◽  
Yueyang Xu ◽  
Kaixin Zhang ◽  
Shengwen Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Computational Model ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Special Functions ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Hierarchy Of Needs ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory

The major criteria to distinguish conscious Artificial Intelligence (AI) and non-conscious AI is whether the conscious is from the needs. Based on this criteria, we develop ConsciousControlFlow(CCF) to show the need-based conscious AI. The system is based on the computational model with a short-term memory (STM) and long-term memory (LTM) for consciousness and the hierarchy of needs. To generate AI based on real needs of the agent, we developed several LTMs for special functions such as feeling and sensor. Experiments have demonstrated that the agents in the proposed system behave according to the needs, which coincides with the prediction.

scholarly journals Physiological adaptations to sugar‐mimic alkaloids: Insights from Bombyx mori for long‐term adaption and short‐term response

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (18) ◽  
pp. 9682-9695
Author(s):  
Shunze Jia ◽  
Yinghui Li ◽  
Xiangping Dai ◽  
Xiaotong Li ◽  
Yanyan Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bombyx Mori ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Physiological Adaptations ◽  
Term Response

Short-term response in new users of anti-TNF predicts long-term productivity and non-disability: analysis of Czech ATTRA ankylosing spondylitis biologic registry

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-192
Author(s):  
Jan Tužil ◽  
Tomáš Mlčoch ◽  
Jitka Jirčíková ◽  
Jakub Závada ◽  
Lucie Nekvindová ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ankylosing Spondylitis ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Response

Aristotle's Manipulative Maxims

2020 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 371-392
Author(s):  
Daniel DiLeo
Keyword(s):  
Political Knowledge ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Human Good ◽  
Political Problem ◽  
Term Response

AbstractIn actual regimes as described by Aristotle, authoritative civic choices were not the outcome of speech among citizens about the noble things and the just things. Rather, he saw them as products of the flawed presuppositions and misperceptions of dominant factions. Since he held that the human good was dependent on the persistence of lawful systems of rule, no matter how flawed, he viewed the tendency of dominant factions toward regime-destructive extremism as the fundamental political problem. His short-term response was to teach manipulative rhetoric and the outline of a strategy for regime preservation to his students. This equipped his students to prevail against the speech of the ignorant and malevolent and impressed those students with the need to acquire political knowledge. His long-term response was the initiation of a system of education that would turn citizens away from regime-destructive predilections.

scholarly journals Word learning, phonological short-term memory, phonotactic probability and long-term memory: towards an integrated framework

2009 ◽  
Vol 364 (1536) ◽  
pp. 3755-3771 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prahlad Gupta ◽  
Jamie Tisdale
Keyword(s):  
Computational Model ◽  
Word Learning ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Phonotactic Probability ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Relationship

Word learning is studied in a multitude of ways, and it is often not clear what the relationship is between different phenomena. In this article, we begin by outlining a very simple functional framework that despite its simplicity can serve as a useful organizing scheme for thinking about various types of studies of word learning. We then review a number of themes that in recent years have emerged as important topics in the study of word learning, and relate them to the functional framework, noting nevertheless that these topics have tended to be somewhat separate areas of study. In the third part of the article, we describe a recent computational model and discuss how it offers a framework that can integrate and relate these various topics in word learning to each other. We conclude that issues that have typically been studied as separate topics can perhaps more fruitfully be thought of as closely integrated, with the present framework offering several suggestions about the nature of such integration.

Thermal acclimation of respiration but not photosynthesis in Pinus radiata

2008 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lai Fern Ow ◽  
David Whitehead ◽  
Adrian S. Walcroft ◽  
Matthew H. Turnbull
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Growth Temperature ◽  
Dark Respiration ◽  
Temperature Acclimation ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Photosynthesis And Respiration ◽  
Term Response ◽  
N Status ◽  
Respiratory Responses

Pinus radiata L. were grown in climate-controlled cabinets under three night/day temperature treatments, and transferred between treatments to mimic changes in growth temperature. The objective was to determine the extent to which dark respiration and photosynthesis in pre-existing and new needles acclimate to changes in growth temperatures. We also assessed whether needle nitrogen influenced the potential for photosynthetic and respiratory acclimation, and further assessed if short-term (instantaneous, measured over a few hours) respiratory responses are accurate predictors of long-term (acclimated, achieved in days–weeks) responses of respiration to changing temperature. Results show that respiration displayed considerable potential for acclimation. Cold and warm transfers resulted in some acclimation of respiration in pre-existing needles, but full acclimation was displayed only in new needles formed at the new growth temperature. Short-term respiratory responses were poor predictors of the long-term response of respiration due to acclimation. There was no evidence that photosynthesis in pre-existing or new needles acclimated to changes in growth temperature. N status of leaves had little impact on the extent of acclimation. Collectively, our results indicate that there is little likelihood that respiration would be significantly stimulated in this species as night temperatures increase over the range of 10–20°C, but that inclusion of temperature acclimation of respiration would in fact lead to a shift in the balance between photosynthesis and respiration in favour of carbon uptake.

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