scholarly journals Cross-Cultural Variations in Naïve Psychology among 2-year-olds: A Comparison of Children in the United Kingdom and Singapore

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 221-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katie R. Cebula ◽  
Ai Keow Lim ◽  
Joanne M. Williams ◽  
Dagmara Annaz
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Cultural Influences ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Cultural Variations ◽  
Cross Cultural Differences ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Cross Cultural Study ◽  
Western Values ◽  
The Uk

AbstractChildren’s understanding of naïve psychology is the main focus of this study. Research evidence suggests that 2- and 3-year-olds understand some aspects of naïve psychology. By 4 years, they develop internal representations of mental states. Previous studies have also reported cross-cultural variations in naïve psychology development. The majority of this research has focused on Western individualistic societies such as Australia, Europe and North America, and Eastern collectivism societies such as China and Japan. Singapore with its blend of Eastern and Western values represents a unique case for comparison with Western societies. This paper reports a cross-cultural study of young children’s developing understanding of naïve psychology in Edinburgh, UK and Singapore. It addresses three main questions: (a) Are there cross-cultural differences in the development of naïve psychology?; (b) What are children’s performance sequences on naïve psychology tasks?; and (c) Are naïve psychology concepts coherent? The participants were 87 children from the UK (n=43, mean age 2 years 4 months) and Singapore (n=44, mean age 2 years 5 months). This study incorporated several established tasks of pretence, desires, emotions, perceptions, appearance-reality and false-beliefs to investigate children’s understanding of non-representational and representational mental states. The results showed no gross cross-cultural differences. However, significant cultural differences in performance on two tasks and differences in the coherence of naïve psychology concepts were identified. The results highlight the importance of considering subtle cultural influences on children’s developing understanding of various aspects of naïve psychology.

scholarly journals Strong Brand From Consumers’ Perspective: A Cross-Cultural Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 116-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chenchen Li ◽  
Dongmei Li ◽  
Chi-Yue Chiu ◽  
Siqing Peng
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Chinese Consumers ◽  
Brand Strength ◽  
Strength Evaluation ◽  
Cross Cultural Differences ◽  
Cross Cultural Study ◽  
Using Data

The present research investigates cross-cultural differences in the characteristics associated with brand strength evaluation and the mechanism underlying these cultural differences. Using data from the United States and China, we found that American consumers judge brands with personal characteristics to be stronger than those with relational characteristics, while Chinese consumers show a reversed pattern. Furthermore, cultural differences in brand strength evaluation were salient only when consumers rated brands that were connected with their self-concepts, suggesting that cultural differences in brand strength evaluation ensue from consumers’ internalized preferences. Our findings have theoretical and practical implications for branding management and understanding the mechanism through which culture influences individual behaviors.

scholarly journals Cultural variations in whether, why, how, and at what cost people are proactive: A followership perspective

2020 ◽  
pp. 204138662096052
Author(s):  
Tina Urbach ◽  
Deanne N. Den Hartog ◽  
Doris Fay ◽  
Sharon K. Parker ◽  
Karoline Strauss
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Future Orientation ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Cultural Dimensions ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Work Behaviors ◽  
Cultural Variations ◽  
Cross Cultural Differences ◽  
Societal Culture ◽  
Implicit Followership Theories

The objective of this conceptual article is to illustrate how differences in societal culture may affect employees’ proactive work behaviors (PWBs) and to develop a research agenda to guide future research on cross-cultural differences in PWBs. We propose that the societal cultural dimensions of power distance, individualism–collectivism, future orientation, and uncertainty avoidance shape individuals’ implicit followership theories (IFTs). We discuss how these cross-cultural differences in individuals’ IFTs relate to differences in the mean-level of PWB individuals show ( whether), in the motivational states driving individuals’ PWBs ( why), in the way individuals’ enact PWBs ( how), and in the evaluation of PWBs by others ( at what cost). We recommend how future research can extend this theorizing and unpack the proposed cross-cultural differences in PWBs, for example, by exploring how culture and other contextual variables interact to affect PWBs.

scholarly journals Disease threat does not predict attractiveness preference in a United Kingdom dataset: a replication attempt and commentary on White et al., Psych Sci 2013

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gustav Nilsonne ◽  
Adam Renberg ◽  
Sandra Tamm ◽  
Mats Lekander
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Disease Burden ◽  
Congressional Elections ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Self Rated Health ◽  
Cross Cultural Differences ◽  
Members Of Parliament ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Using Data

Background: A study by White et al. found that population disease burden predicted preference for attractive politicians in U.S. congressional elections. Aim: We aimed to replicate this finding using data from the United Kingdom. Method: We regressed rated sexiness of elected members of parliament on health metrics from their constituencies: life expectancy, infant mortality, and self-rated health. Results: None of the health metrics predicted rated sexiness of members of parliament. Conclusion: Further investigation is needed to verify whether the proposed relationship is important and whether it is moderated by other factors such as cross-cultural differences.

scholarly journals A Behavioral Genetic Study of Humor Styles in an Australian Sample

2012 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 663-667 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. M. Baughman ◽  
E. A. Giammarco ◽  
Livia Veselka ◽  
Julie A. Schermer ◽  
Nicholas G. Martin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Humor Styles ◽  
Cross Cultural Differences ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Twin Registry ◽  
Australian Sample ◽  
Adult Twins ◽  
Behavioral Genetic Study

The present study investigated the extent to which individual differences in humor styles are attributable to genetic and/or environmental factors in an Australian sample. Participants were 934 same-sex pairs of adult twins from the Australian Twin Registry (546 monozygotic pairs, 388 dizygotic pairs) who completed the Humor Styles Questionnaire (HSQ). The HSQ measures four distinct styles of humor — affiliative, self-enhancing, aggressive, and self-defeating. Results revealed that additive genetic and non-shared environmental factors accounted for the variance in all four humor styles, thus replicating results previously obtained in a sample of twins from the United Kingdom. However, a study conducted with a U.S. sample produced different results and we interpret these findings in terms of cross-cultural differences in humor.

scholarly journals A data-driven test for cross-cultural differences in face preferences

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lingshan Zhang ◽  
Iris Jasmin Holzleitner ◽  
Anthony J Lee ◽  
Vanessa Fasolt ◽  
Hongyi Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Principal Components ◽  
Facial Attractiveness ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Data Driven ◽  
Cross Cultural Differences ◽  
Data Driven Approach ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Data Driven Test

Previous research has shown strong cross-cultural agreement in facial attractiveness judgments. However, these studies all used a theory-driven approach in which responses to specific facial characteristics are compared between cultures. This approach is constrained by the predictions that can be derived from existing theories and can therefore bias impressions of the extent of cross-cultural agreement in face preferences. We directly addressed this problem by using a data-driven, rather than theory-driven, approach to compare facial attractiveness judgments made by Chinese-born participants who were resident in China, Chinese-born participants currently resident in the UK, and UK-born and -resident White participants. Analyses of the principal components along which faces naturally varied suggested that Chinese and White UK participants used face information in different ways, at least when judging women’s facial attractiveness. In other words, the data-driven approach used in the current study revealed some cross-cultural differences in face preferences that were not apparent in studies using theory-driven approaches.

scholarly journals Perception of facial emotional expressions by representatives of Asian and European cultural groups

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 116-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y.G. Khoze ◽  
O.A. Korolkova ◽  
N.Yu. Zhizhnikova ◽  
M.V. Zubareva
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Cultural Study ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Emotional Expressions ◽  
Cultural Group ◽  
Cultural Groups ◽  
Basic Emotions ◽  
Cross Cultural Differences ◽  
Cross Cultural Study

The article presents the results of a cross-cultural study of the perception of basic emotional expressions by representatives of Asian and European cultural groups and compares them with the results obtained earlier on Russian sample. Emotional expressions from VEPEL database (Kurakova, 2012) were used as stimuli. We revealed invariant perception within a cultural group and cross-cultural differences in perception of the basic emotions of fear, disgust and anger between Asian and Russian cultural groups; in perception of surprise, fear, disgust and anger between European and Russian cultural groups; and in perception of fear, sadness, disgust and anger between European and Asian cultural groups.

scholarly journals Cross Cultural Conflicts in Not Without my Daughter

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 214
Author(s):  
Setyoningsih Setyoningsih
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Intercultural Sensitivity ◽  
Cultural Influences ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Cultural Identities ◽  
Cultural Conflict ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Cultural Conflicts ◽  
Cross Cultural Differences

This study aims to identify and analyze the cultural conflicts between the main characters in the novel Not Without my Daughter (NW). The analysis was carried out through the following process. The first procedure related to problems of classification i.e. cross cultural conflicts. The next phase of data analysis related to the colletion data of cross cultural conflicts in NW. The last phase is presentation the result of the analysis that had been conducted in this research. Having analyzed the data, the researcher concludes  that cultural conflicts occured in NW because of  stereotype, prejudice, and ethnocentrism. Cultural conflicts can be prevented if we increase our awareness of our own attitudes and learn to be sensitive to cross-cultural differences. However, if we develop intercultural sensitivity, it does not mean that we need to lose our cultural identities-but rather that we recognize cultural influences within ourselves and within others.Keywords: Culture; Cross-Cultural Conflict; Culture Understanding

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