Air Carriers’ Liability in Respect of Passengers — from Warsaw 1929 via The Hague 1955 to Guatemala City 1971 (Volume 135)

Author(s):  
Gerald F. Fitzgerald

The International Conference on Air Law, convened under the auspices of the International Civil Aviation Organization, met in Guatemala City from February 9 to March 8, 1971, and adopted a Protocol to Amend the Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules Relating to International Carriage by Air Signed at Warsaw on October 12, 1929, as Amended by the Protocol Done at The Hague on September 28, 1955. The Protocol greatly revised the legal rules governing the international carriage by air of passengers and baggage.


1966 ◽  
Vol 70 (672) ◽  
pp. 1061-1064 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas F. Lowenfeld

Half a year has passed since the major airlines of the world, in a burst of energy, rallied round to “save” the Warsaw Convention. The Convention had as its principal effect a limitation of $8300 (not quite £3000) on liability of air carriers to international passengers for death or injury, and the United States had given formal notice that it could no longer accept this. The effort to update the Warsaw Convention of 1929 had, essentially, failed so far as the United States was concerned, in that the revision proposed at the Hague Conference in 1955 was only double, the Warsaw limit—$16 600 or £6000— still far below an acceptable ceiling on recoveries for accidental death caused by common carriers. The United States Senate had not ratified the Hague Protocol, it clearly was not going to, and all attempts by the United States Executive Branch to supplement the Warsaw/Hague limits—such as by compulsory trip insurance or voluntary waiver of limits by the carrier—had come to naught.


Crisis ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 63-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene Burger ◽  
Albert M. van Hemert ◽  
Willem J. Schudel ◽  
Barend J.C. Middelkoop

Background: Suicidal behavior is a severe public health problem. Aims: To determine the rates of attempted and completed suicide among ethnic groups in The Hague, The Netherlands (2002–2004). Methods: By analyzing data on attempted and completed suicide (from the psychiatric department of general medical hospitals; the psychiatric emergency service and the municipal coroners). Results: Turkish and Surinamese females aged 15–24 years were at highest risk for attempted suicide (age-specific rate 545 / 100,000 and 421 / 100,000 person-years, respectively). Both rates were significantly higher than in the same age group of Dutch females (246 / 100,000 person-years). Turkish (2%) and Surinamese (7%) had lower repeat suicide-attempt rates than did Dutch (16%) females aged 15–24. Significantly lower suicide-attempt rates were found for Surinamese than for Dutch females aged 35–54 years. Differences were not explained by socioeconomic living conditions. The ratio fatal/nonfatal events was 4.5 times higher in males than in females and varied across age, gender, and ethnicity strata. Completed suicide was rare among migrant females. No completed suicides were observed in the Turkish and Surinamese females aged 15–24 years. Conclusions: The study demonstrates a high risk of attempted suicide and a low risk of completed suicide among young Turkish and Surinamese females.


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