This chapter considers anti-colonial and postcolonial movements as modernizing
and globalizing, particularly the three main streams: nationalist,
Marxist, and Islamist. Nationalist and Marxist movements convere with
the Western project, as represented in their vocabulary and emphasis
on development, science, and self-determination. All anti-colonial and
postcolonial societies have faced the task of reimagining their history.
Education has played a key role, as both a product of colonial history
and a response to it. The Islamic movements of interest to us represent a
more versatile narrative. Led by leaders such as Qutb in Egypt and Ilyas in
India and though grounded in anti-modern and anti-Western principles,
these movements mostly evolved to embody modern and contemporary
civic and political models.
