The identity of Félix de Azara’s “Alondras” and implications for Neotropical pipit nomenclature (Aves, Motacillidae: Anthus)

Zootaxa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4942 (1) ◽  
pp. 118-126
Author(s):  
PAUL SMITH ◽  
ROB P. CLAY
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Junior Synonym ◽  
Zoological Nomenclature ◽  
International Code ◽  
Seminal Work ◽  
Current Usage ◽  
Andean South America ◽  
Respective Species

Félix de Azara described five species of “Alondra” in his seminal work on birds of Paraguay in 1805. Two of these are pipits Anthus: No. 146 Alondra Chií and No. 147 Alondra Correndera. Vieillot (1818) then formally described the two based entirely on Azaraʼs descriptions, respectively Anthus chii and Anthus correndera. The former has long been considered unidentifiable, though it has also been used frequently as a valid name for the Yellowish Pipit Anthus lutescens. The latter of the two names has been in valid usage since its description for the Correndera Pipit A. correndera of southern and Andean South America. In this paper we confirm that the description of No. 146 Alondra Chií is clearly identifiable and Anthus chii is the valid name for the Yellowish Pipit under the Principle of Priority, and Anthus turdinus of Merrem is a junior synonym of it. The description No. 147 Alondra Correndera is shown to refer to Ochre-breasted Pipit A. nattereri and not A. correndera as currently understood. However, the two names have been in constant usage for their respective species since their description, and thus we designate a neotype of the Correndera Pipit for current A. correndera under Article 75.6 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature to conserve current usage and avoid unnecessary nomenclatural confusion. 

Nomenclatural clarification on some Southern African monkey beetle genera (Scarabaeidae: Hopliini: Pachycnemina)

Zootaxa ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4543 (1) ◽  
pp. 137
Author(s):  
MARIO CUPELLO ◽  
CIBELE STRAMARE RIBEIRO-COSTA
Keyword(s):  
Type Species ◽  
Junior Synonym ◽  
Zoological Nomenclature ◽  
International Code ◽  
Current Usage

After an extensive revision of the literature, we come to the following conclusions concerning the nomenclature of Southern African monkey beetles of the subtribe Pachycnemina: firstly, the current usage of the nominal subgenus Pachycnemula Schein, 1959 for a subgenus taxon different from Pachycnema s. str. Le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau & Audinet-Serville, 1828 is incorrect since both names share the same type species—Melolontha crassipes Fabricius, 1775—and are therefore objective synonyms. Hence, here we invalidate Pachycnemula and establish the new nominal subgenus Macacoplia Cupello & Ribeiro-Costa to denote the subgenus taxon currently known as Pachycnema (Pachycnemula). Secondly, we discuss the different spellings of the nominal genus Lepithrix Le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau & Audinet-Serville, 1828, which was originally established as Lepitrix but emended to Lepithrix in 1913 by Dalla Torre. Although originally an unjustified emendation, the Lepithrix spelling is currently in prevailing usage and therefore should be deemed a justified emendation according to Article 33.2.3.1 of the current edition of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. That being so, it becomes necessary to acknowledge the homonymy between Lepithrix Le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau & Audinet-Serville and its junior homonym Lepithrix Neitner, 1857, current junior synonym of Loxoncus Schmidt-Göbel, 1846 (Carabidae: Harpalinae: Harpalini: Stenolophina). 

scholarly journals One name to rule them all: Belinurus trilobitoides (Buckland, ) is senior synonym to fourteen named species

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
James C. Lamsdell
Keyword(s):  
Type Species ◽  
New Genus ◽  
Distinct Species ◽  
Junior Synonym ◽  
International Commission ◽  
Zoological Nomenclature ◽  
International Code ◽  
Senior Synonym ◽  
Horseshoe Crabs ◽  
The Subject

One of the oldest fossil horseshoe crabs figured in the literature is Entomolithus lunatus Martin, 1809, a Carboniferous species included in his Petrificata Derbiensia. While the species has generally been included within the genus Belinurus Bronn, 1839, it was recently used as the type species of the new genus Parabelinurus Lamsdell, 2020. However, recent investigation as to the appropriate authority for Belinurus (see Lamsdell and Clapham, 2021) revealed that all the names in Petrificata Derbiensia were suppressed in Opinion 231 of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1954) for being consistently nonbinomial under Article 11.4 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1999). Despite the validation of several species names for anthozoans, brachiopods, and cephalopods described in Petrificata Derbiensia in subsequent rulings (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1956a, b), Belinurus lunatus has not been the subject of any subsequent Commission ruling or opinion, and so its use in Petrificata Derbiensia remains suppressed. The Belinurus lunatus species name was used in several subsequent publications during the 1800s, none of which made the name available under ICZN article 11.5; Parkinson (1811) is also suppressed for being nonbinomial, while Woodward (1830), Buckland (1837), Bronn (1839), and Baily (1859) refer to the species only as a synonym of Belinurus trilobitoides (Buckland, 1837) through citation to the suppressed Pretificata Derbiensia. The first author to make Belinurus lunatus an available name was Baldwin (1905), who used the name in reference to a new figured specimen from Sparth Bottoms, Rochdale, UK, but again as an explicit junior synonym of Belinurus trilobitoides (Buckland, 1837). Therefore, it was not until Eller (1938) treated B. lunatus as a distinct species from B. trilobitoides that B. lunatus became an available name as per ICZN Article 11.6.1 under the authorship of Baldwin (1905) following ICZN Article 50.7.

A reappraisal of Bufo levicristatus Boettger, 1885 (Anura: Bufonidae), a long forgotten toad from Paraguay

Zootaxa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5023 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-130
Author(s):  
MARTÍN O. PEREYRA ◽  
KONSTANTIN D. MILTO ◽  
FRANCISCO BRUSQUETTI ◽  
FRANCISCO KOLENC ◽  
DIEGO BALDO
Keyword(s):  
Junior Synonym ◽  
Zoological Nomenclature ◽  
International Code ◽  
Present Evidence ◽  
Senior Synonym

In this work, we show that Bufo levicristatus Boettger, 1885 is a senior synonym of Bufo scitulus Caramaschi & Niemeyer, 2003, and not a junior synonym of Bufo ornatus Spix, 1824, as previously considered. In addition, we present evidence that Bufo scitulus Caramaschi & Niemeyer, 2003 complies with the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature requirements for a reversal of precedence over the name Bufo levicristatus Boettger, 1885, and so the name Bufo scitulus is to be maintained for this species.  

The availability, authorships and dates of tribal names in the Sigmodontinae (Rodentia, Cricetidae) current classification

Bionomina ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-50
Author(s):  
NÉSTOR J. CAZZANIGA ◽  
CAROLA CAÑÓN ◽  
ULYSES F.J. PARDIÑAS
Keyword(s):  
Family Group ◽  
Zoological Nomenclature ◽  
International Code ◽  
New Name ◽  
Current Usage ◽  
Current Classification ◽  
Phylogenetic Hypotheses

Sigmodontinae, a diverse subfamily including 106 genera of American Rodents, is currently divided in eleven tribes that still need to be refined based on recently generated phylogenetic hypotheses. Several published names of tribes do not conform to one or more Rules of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. In particular, the first arrangement of Sigmodontinae genera in tribes has been overlooked, the different requirements for availability of names proposed before 1931 and after 1930 were not taken into account for at least five names, the requirement that a family-group name be used as valid in the publication where proposed, and the unavailability of names proposed conditionally after 1960 were also ignored on several occasions. Our analysis tries to disclose and fix such nomenclatural problems keeping current usage as much as possible. A new name is proposed for a tribe that currently has been designated only by an unavailable name.

Unraveling a 150 years old controversy: Calamoichthys Smith, 1866 is the valid name for the African Reedfish (Cladistii: Polypteriformes), with comments about the availability of involuntarily proposed zoological names

Bionomina ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
PEDRO P. RIZZATO ◽  
FLAVIO A. BOCKMANN
Keyword(s):  
Junior Synonym ◽  
Zoological Nomenclature ◽  
Valid Species ◽  
International Code ◽  
Monotypic Genus ◽  
New Name

We readdress the controversy about the valid generic name to be applied to the African Reedfish, a species from a monotypic genus that, along with the eleven valid species of Polypterus Lacepède, 1803, comprises the known extant diversity of the order Polypteriformes. The initial conflict was established due to the inadequate replacement of the name Erpetoichthys, wrongly assumed preoccupied, by Calamoichthys, combined with the desynchronization between the sequence in which Smith’s accounts with descriptions and nomenclatural acts about the Reedfish were written and submitted for publication, and the sequence in which they were actually published/distributed. The controversy seemed to be settled in the 1980s by the finding of an earlier report published in an Edinburgh’s newspaper in 1865, in which the name Erpetoichthys was used prior to all scientific accounts by Smith. However, we demonstrate that this report cannot be considered to contain a valid nomenclatural act according to the regulations of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Therefore, we undertook a detailed study to reconstruct the sequence of publication of Smith’s accounts on the Reedfish, whose correct dates of publication/distribution had not been properly established yet, to settle down once and for all the dilemma about the precedence of these names. Our conclusion is that Calamoichthys Smith, 1866a is the valid generic name to be applied to the Reedfish, and Erpetoichthys Smith, 1866a, its junior synonym, represents a name published in synonymy but later made available by Smith himself. We use the nomenclatural example of the Reedfish, as well as other cases from the literature, to draw attention to the fact that, in agreement with Article 8.1.1 of the Code, zoological names are available only when there is an unequivocal intention by their authors to scientifically describe them, even if other requirements of the Code are met. When this Article is not met in a given situation, the name is considered unavailable and an available one should be set in place for the taxon, or a new name should be proposed.

Unraveling the nomenclatural puzzle of the collared and white-lipped peccaries (Mammalia, Cetartiodactyla, Tayassuidae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4851 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-80
Author(s):  
LUIS E. ACOSTA ◽  
GUILHERME S. T. GARBINO ◽  
GERMÁN M. GASPARINI ◽  
RODRIGO PARISI DUTRA
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Type Species ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Junior Synonym ◽  
Zoological Nomenclature ◽  
International Code ◽  
Valid Genus ◽  
History Of ◽  
Single Genus ◽  
Collared Peccary

The nomenclatural history of the collared and white-lipped peccaries, two well-recognized taxonomic entities, has been confusing. From the 18th century to the beginning of the 20th century, several genera were created, most of them without an explicit designation of type species. Due to differing opinions as to whether the two species should be included in a single genus or, if separate genera were recognized, which generic name should be applied to each of the two taxa, the validity of generic and specific names oscillated until even recently. This paper aims to solve these nomenclatural issues by reviewing the different taxonomic arrangements of these two peccaries and applying appropriately the International Code on Zoological Nomenclature. We contend that the valid generic name for the white-lipped peccary is Tayassu Fischer, 1814 (type Sus pecari Link, 1795), while Dicotyles Cuvier, 1816 (type Dicotyles torquatus Cuvier, 1816) is the valid genus for the collared peccary, with Pecari Reichenbach, 1835 as its junior synonym. 

On the type species of Geophilus Gistel, 1834 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 4461 (1) ◽  
pp. 83
Author(s):  
GIANLUCA NARDI ◽  
GIOVANNI DELLACASA ◽  
MARCO DELLACASA
Keyword(s):  
Type Species ◽  
Junior Synonym ◽  
Zoological Nomenclature ◽  
International Code ◽  
New Synonymy

Geophilus Gistel, 1834 (Insecta: Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae) is invalid being a junior homonym of Geophilus Leach, 1814 (Myriapoda: Chilopoda: Geophilomorpha: Geophilidae) and of Geophilus Schönherr, 1823 (Insecta: Coleoptera: Curculionidae).        Scarabaeus asper Fabricius, 1775 was recently designated as type species of Geophilus Gistel, 1834, making Geophilus a junior synonym of Psammodius Fallén, 1807 (Insecta: Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae: Psammodiini: Psammodiina). However, there is clear evidence that Scarabaeus asper Fabricius, 1775 sensu Gistel, 1834 is Ptinus germanus Linnaeus, 1767, currently Rhyssemus germanus (Linnaeus, 1767) (Insecta: Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae: Psammodiini: Rhyssemina). To resolve this issue, the type species of Geophilus Gistel, 1834 is here fixed (under Article 70.3.2 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature) as Ptinus germanus Linnaeus, 1767, misidentified as Scarabaeus asper Fabricius, 1775 in the original paper.        Scarabaeus asper Fabricius, 1775 sensu Mulsant, 1842 (= Ptinus germanus Linnaeus, 1767) is the type species of Rhyssemus Mulsant, 1842, therefore Rhyssemus Mulsant, 1842 is a junior synonym of Geophilus Gistel, 1834 (new synonymy). Although it has priority, Geophilus Gistel, 1834 is a junior homonym and therefore invalid, so Rhyssemus Mulsant, 1842 remains the valid name of this taxon. 

Comments on the nomenclatural status of two subgeneric names for marine gastrotrichs (Gastrotricha: Xenotrichulidae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 2732 (1) ◽  
pp. 68
Author(s):  
SHUSHI ABUKAWA ◽  
HIROSHI KAJIHARA
Keyword(s):  
Type Species ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Junior Synonym ◽  
Zoological Nomenclature ◽  
International Code ◽  
New Subgenus

Remane (1927) established the generic name Xenotrichula for a single species of marine gastrotrich, Xenotrichula velox Remane, 1927. Recently, Hummon and Todaro (2010: 22–23) created the new subgenus Velox, designating X. velox as the type species, despite Article 44.1 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (hereafter, the "Code") (ICZN 1999). Because the subgeneric names Xenotrichula Remane, 1927 and Velox Hummon & Todaro, 2010 share the same name-bearing type species, the latter is an objective junior synonym of the former and thus should be regarded as permanently invalid. Hence the nominotypical subgenus must be expressed as Xenotrichula (Xenotrichula) Remane, 1927, and its type species Xenotrichula (Xenotrichula) velox.

Molecular Characterization of Helobdella modesta (Verrill, 1872) (Hirudinida: Glossiphoniidae) from its type locality, West River and Whitneyville Lake, New Haven County, Connecticut, USA

Zootaxa ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 2834 (1) ◽  
pp. 65 ◽  
Author(s):  
WILLIAM E. MOSER ◽  
DENNIS J. RICHARDSON ◽  
CHARLOTTE I. HAMMOND ◽  
Eric Lazo-Wasem
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
Type Locality ◽  
Zoological Nomenclature ◽  
International Code ◽  
Golden Gate ◽  
New Haven ◽  
The West

Clepsine modesta was described by Verrill (1872) based on specimens collected in the West River and Whitneyville Lake, New Haven County, Connecticut, USA. Consistent with Article 73.2.3 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (Anonymous 1999), the Syntype specimens of C. modesta originated from two localities and thus the type locality encompasses all of the places of origin. Moore (1898) synonomized C. modesta with the European Helobdella stagnalis (Linnaeus 1758) based on similarities in morphology. Subsequently, all North American leeches with a nuchal scute were considered as H. stagnalis with the exception of Helobdella californica Kutschera 1988, known only from Stow Lake, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California, USA. In addition to Europe and North America, Helobdella stagnalis has been reported from South America, Africa, and Asia (Sawyer 1986).

Carlsbergia, a replacement name for Indiella Sautya, Tabachnick & Ingole, 2011 (Porifera: Aulocalycidae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4571 (1) ◽  
pp. 145
Author(s):  
JIMMY GAUDIN
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Junior Synonym ◽  
New Combination ◽  
Zoological Nomenclature ◽  
International Code ◽  
Carlsberg Ridge ◽  
The Indian Ocean

The genus Indiella was established by Sautya, Tabachnick & Ingole in 2011 to include the monotypic, and type species Indiella ridgenensis for a species of Porifera (Hexactinellida: Aulocalycidae) from the Carlsberg Ridge in the Indian Ocean. Unfortunately, it turns out that this name is already preoccupied by Indiella Blattný, 1925 (type species: Ctenistes birmanensis Motschulsky, 1851 by monotypy), a poorly known genus of Pselaphine beetle (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae). However, although Indiella Blattný is currently considered as a junior synonym of Sognorus Reitter, 1881, this name is available and, therefore, according to Article 52.2 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN, 1999), Indiella Sautya, Tabachnick & Ingole, as a junior homonym, cannot be used. To resolve this homonymy, in accordance with Article 60 of the ICZN, a substitute name with a new combination is proposed below. 

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