scholarly journals A Novel Method for Simultaneous Anterograde and Retrograde Labeling of Spinal Cord Motor Tracts in the Same Animal

2001 ◽  
Vol 49 (9) ◽  
pp. 1111-1122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eve C. Tsai ◽  
Rita L. van Bendegem ◽  
Steven W. Hwang ◽  
Charles H. Tator
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Regeneration ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Retrograde Labeling ◽  
Repair Strategy ◽  
Motor Tracts ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
Adult Spinal Cord ◽  
Anterograde And Retrograde Tracing ◽  
Spinal Cord Repair

Examination of repaired spinal cord tracts has usually required separate groups of animals for anterograde and retrograde tracing owing to the incompatibility of techniques such as tissue fixation. However, anterograde and retrograde labeling of different animals subjected to the same repair may not allow accurate examination of that repair strategy because widely variable results can occur in animals subjected to the same strategy. We have developed a reliable method of labeling spinal cord motor tracts bidirectionally in the same animal using DiI, a lipophilic dye, to anterogradely label the corticospinal tract and Fluoro-Gold (FG) to retrogradely label cortical and brainstem neurons of several spinal cord motor tracts in normal and injured adult rats. Other tracer combinations (lipophilic dyes or fluorescent dextrans) were also investigated but were less effective. We also developed methods to minimize autofluorescence with the DiI/FG technique, and found that the DiI/FG technique is compatible with decalcification and immunohistochemistry for several markers relevant for studies of spinal cord regeneration. Thus, the use of anterograde DiI and retrograde FG is a novel technique for bidirectional labeling of the motor tracts of the adult spinal cord with fluorescent tracers and should be useful for demonstrating neurite regeneration in studies of spinal cord repair. (J Histochem Cytochem 49:1111–1122, 2001)

scholarly journals Localized activation of ependymal progenitors induces EMT-mediated glial bridging after spinal cord injury

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lili Zhou ◽  
Brooke Burris ◽  
Ryan Mcadow ◽  
Mayssa H. Mokalled
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
Epithelial To Mesenchymal Transition ◽  
Ependymal Cells ◽  
Spinal Cord Tissue ◽  
Spinal Cord Regeneration ◽  
Enhancer Element ◽  
Mesenchymal Transition ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
Spinal Cord Repair

ABSTRACTUnlike mammals, adult zebrafish undergo spontaneous recovery after major spinal cord injury. Whereas scarring presents a roadblock for mammalian spinal cord repair, glial cells in zebrafish form a bridge across severed spinal cord tissue to facilitate regeneration. Here, we performed FACS sorting and genome-wide profiling to determine the transcriptional identity of purified bridging glia. We found that Yap-Ctgf signaling activates epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) in localized niches of ependymal cells to promote glial bridging and regeneration. Preferentially activated in early bridging glia, Yap is required for the expression of the glial bridging factor Ctgfa and for functional spinal cord repair. Ctgfa regulation is controlled by an injury responsive enhancer element that drives expression in early bridging glia after injury. Yap-Ctgf signaling activates a mesenchymal transcriptional program that drives glial bridging. This study revealed the molecular signatures of bridging glia and identified an injury responsive gene regulatory network that promotes spinal cord regeneration in zebrafish.

Grafts of Fibroblasts Genetically Modified to Secrete Ngf, Bdnf, Nt-3, or Basic Fgf Elicit Differential Responses in the Adult Spinal Cord

1996 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasushi Nakahara ◽  
Fred H. Gage ◽  
Mark H. Tuszynski
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Neurotrophic Factors ◽  
Neurotrophic Factor ◽  
Genetically Modified ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Central Gray Matter ◽  
Adult Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Gray

Neuronal and axonal responses to neurotrophic factors in the developing spinal cord have been relatively well characterized, but little is known about adult spinal responses to neurotrophic factors. We genetically modified primary rat fibroblasts to produce either nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), or basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), then grafted these neurotrophic factor-secreting cells into the central gray matter of the spinal cord in adult rats. Spinal cord lesions were not made prior to grafting. From 2 wk to 6 mo later, sensory neurites of dorsal root origin extensively penetrated NGF-, NT-3-, and bFGF-producing grafts, whereas BDNF-secreting grafts elicited no growth responses. Putative noradrenergic neurites also penetrated NGF-secreting cell grafts. Local motor and corticospinal motor axons did not penetrate any of the neurotrophic factor-secreting grafts. These results indicate that unlesioned or minimally lesioned adult spinal cord sensory and putative noradrenergic populations retain significant neurotrophic factor responsiveness, whereas motor neurites are comparatively resistant even to those neurotrophic factors to which they exhibit survival dependence during development. Grafts of genetically modified cells can be a useful tool for characterizing neurotrophic factor responsiveness in the adult spinal cord and designing strategies to promote axonal regeneration after injury.

Atypical pilocytic astrocytoma of adult spinal cord: A case report

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-2
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Case Report ◽  
Pilocytic Astrocytoma ◽  
Treatment Protocol ◽  
Pilomyxoid Astrocytoma ◽  
Standardized Treatment ◽  
Children And Young Adults ◽  
Adult Spinal Cord

Pilomyxoid astrocytoma (PMA) is an atypical subtype of pilocytic astrocytoma (PA), which presents in children and young adults. The incidence of PMA is low, so there is no standardized treatment protocol for it. Here, we present a 62-year-old woman with recurrent PMA, which is important for the understanding and treatment of the disease.

Dorsal Root Crush in Adult Mice to Study Spinal Cord Regeneration

BIO-PROTOCOL ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyukmin Kim ◽  
Harun Noristani ◽  
Seung Han ◽  
Young-Jin Son
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Dorsal Root ◽  
Spinal Cord Regeneration ◽  
Adult Mice

scholarly journals PATH-23. ADULT SPINAL CORD ASTROBLASTOMA WITH EWSR1-BEND2 FUSION

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. iii429-iii429
Author(s):  
Takeyoshi Tsutsui ◽  
Yoshiki Arakawa ◽  
Yasuhide Makino ◽  
Hiroharu Kataoka ◽  
Sachiko Minamiguti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Residual Tumor ◽  
Intramedullary Tumor ◽  
Partial Removal ◽  
Weighted Image ◽  
Eosinophilic Cytoplasm ◽  
S 100 ◽  
High Cellularity ◽  
Adult Spinal Cord

Abstract The most recurrent fusion of CNS high-grade neuroepithelial tumor with MN1alteration(HGNET-MN1) is MN1- BEN Domain Containing 2(BEND2) fusion. Recently, there was a report of a 3-month-old boy with spinal astroblastoma, classified as CNS HGNET-MN1 by DKFZ methylation classification but positive for EWSR1-BEND2 fusion(Yamasaki, 2019). Here, we report a 36-year old man with a spinal cord astroblastoma with EWSR1 alternation. The patient presented with back pain, gait disorder and dysesthesia in lower extremities and trunk was referred to our hospital. MRI showed intramedullary tumor in Th3-5 level, displaying low-intensity on T1 weighted image, high-intensity on T2 weighted image, and homogeneous gadolinium enhancement. Partial removal was performed with the laminectomy. The tumor extended to extramedullary and its boundary was unclear. Histological examinations showed the epithelium-like tumor cells with eosinophilic cytoplasm with high cellularity palisade, intracellar fibrosis, and mitosis. Immunohistochemical staining showed positive for Olig2, GFAP, EMA, SSTR2, S-100, but negative for p53, PgRAE1/AE3. The tumor was diagnosed as astroblastoma, and was classified as HGNET-MN1 by the DKFZ methylation classifier. However, the MN1 alternation was not detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization, instead EWSR1 and BEND2 alternations which suggested EWSR1-BEND2 fusion were detected. After radiation therapy of 54Gy/30fr with bevacizumab and temozolomide, the residual tumor reduced the size and his symptoms improved. This case provides evidence that EWSR1-BEND2 fusion is recurrent in HGNET-MN1 and, as previously reported, suggests the importance of BEND2 in this entity. These two cases suggested that it may be the BEND2 alteration that biologically defines the HGNET-MN1 subclass rather than MN1.

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