scholarly journals Chromogranin A in the Human Gastrointestinal Tract: An Immunocytochemical Study with Region-specific Antibodies

2002 ◽  
Vol 50 (11) ◽  
pp. 1487-1492 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guida Maria Portela-Gomes ◽  
Mats Stridsberg
Keyword(s):  
Chromogranin A ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
The Other ◽  
Gi Tract ◽  
Human Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Double Immunofluorescence ◽  
Gastrin Cells ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
Ec Cells ◽  
Different Cell Types

We studied the immunoreactivity of 12 different region-specific antibodies to the chromogranin A (CgA) molecule in the various neuroendocrine cell types of the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract by using double immunofluorescence techniques. These staining results were compared with others obtained with a commercial monoclonal CgA antibody (LK2H10). G (gastrin)-cells showed immunoreactivity to virtually all region-specific antibodies, but with varying frequency. Most intestinal EC (enterochromaffin)- and L (enteroglucagon)-cells were immunoreactive to the antibodies to the N-terminal and mid-portion of the CgA molecule, whereas the EC-cells in the stomach reacted with fewer region-specific antibodies. D (somatostatin)-cells reacted to the CgA 411–424 antibody and only occasionally showed immunoreactivity to the other CgA antibodies. A larger cytoplasmic area was stained with the antibodies to CgA 17–38 and 176–195 than with the other antibodies tested. These differences in staining pattern may reflect different cleavage of the CgA molecule in different cell types and at different regions of the GI tract.

scholarly journals Complex Co-localization of Chromogranins and Neurohormones in the Human Gastrointestinal Tract

1997 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 815-822 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guida Maria Portela-Gomes ◽  
Mats Stridsberg ◽  
Henry Johansson ◽  
Lars Grimelius
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Peptide Yy ◽  
Secretory Granules ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Normal Mucosa ◽  
Antral Mucosa ◽  
Human Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Cell Region ◽  
Gastrin Cells ◽  
Ec Cells

Co-localization of chromogranin (Cg) A, B, and C has been studied in different neuroendocrine cell types in histologically normal mucosa from human gastrointestinal tract (corpus, antrum, duodenum, ileum, and colon) using single-, double-, and triple-immunofluorescence stainings. Virtually all enterochromaffin (EC) cells contained CgA, and those in the luminal two thirds of the antral mucosa and villi of small intestine often also contained CgB. A few EC cells in the duodenal crypts contained CgC. Most gastrin cells harbored both CgB and CgA, although rather more CgB than CgA, but some gastrin cells contained all three types, i.e., also CgC. Some CCK cells also contained all three chromogranins. Enteroglucagon cells in the duodenal villi contained CgA and some CgB. CgA (but not B or C) was found in some secretin, GIP, enteroglucagon/peptide YY, and neurotensin cells. A few somatostatin cells contained CgA but neither CgB nor CgC. CgA and C were found mainly in the basal cell region, whereas CgB occurred more diffusely throughout the cytoplasm. This varying distribution suggests that not all secretory granules contain CgA, or that CgB may occur in a nongranular form. The varying composition of the different chromogranins may reflect their complex functional roles in the widespread neuroendocrine system.

scholarly journals Assembly of multiple dystrobrevin-containing complexes in the kidney

2000 ◽  
Vol 113 (15) ◽  
pp. 2715-2724
Author(s):  
N.Y. Loh ◽  
S.E. Newey ◽  
K.E. Davies ◽  
D.J. Blake
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Protein Complexes ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Epithelial Morphogenesis ◽  
Basal Region ◽  
Molecular Architecture ◽  
Renal Epithelial Cells ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
Different Cell Types ◽  
Deficient Mice

Dystrophin is the key component in the assembly and maintenance of the dystrophin-associated protein complex (DPC) in skeletal muscle. In kidney, dystroglycan, an integral component of the DPC, is involved in kidney epithelial morphogenesis, suggesting that the DPC is important in linking the extracellular matrix to the internal cytoskeleton of kidney epithelia. Here, we have investigated the molecular architecture of dystrophin-like protein complexes in kidneys from normal and dystrophin-deficient mice. Using isoform-specific antibodies, we show that the different cell types that make up the kidney maintain different dystrophin-like complexes. These complexes can be broadly grouped according to their dystrobrevin content: beta-dystrobrevin containing complexes are present at the basal region of renal epithelial cells, whilst alpha-dystrobrevin-1 containing complexes are found in endothelial and smooth muscle cells. Furthermore, these complexes are maintained even in the absence of all dystrophin isoforms. Thus our data suggest that the functions and assembly of the dystrophin-like complexes in kidney differ from those in skeletal muscle and implicate a protein other than dystrophin as the primary molecule in the assembly and maintenance of kidney complexes. Our findings also provide a possible explanation for the lack of kidney pathology in Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients and mice lacking all dystrophin isoforms.

scholarly journals Subcellular Localization of a Novel Alternative Splicing of IIIG9 and Colocalization with PPP1gamma Isoforms

2008 ◽  
Vol 14 (S3) ◽  
pp. 141-143
Author(s):  
C. Sousa ◽  
A.P. Vintém ◽  
M. Fardilha ◽  
O. da Cruz e Silva ◽  
E. da Cruz e Silva
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Splicing ◽  
Male Infertility ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Sperm Cells ◽  
Regulatory Subunits ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
Fluorescent Microscope ◽  
Bovine Sperm ◽  
Spermatogonia Cells ◽  
Different Cell Types

In testis we find mainly PPP1gamma2 isoform. We hypothesize that in different cell types we can find different regulatory subunits that may constitute targets for therapeutics of diseases such as male infertility, cancer and Alzheimer's disease. We identified a novel alternative splicing isoform of IIIG9 in testis, a known regulator of PPP1, IIIG9sT, and the aim of this study was its further characterization. We used a specific antibody for IIIG9sT in order to characterize its localization in bovine sperm cells. We also transfected IIIG9sT-GFP construct in mouse spermatogonia cells (GC-1 cells) and we used specific antibodies for each PPP1 isoform for the colocalization studies. We observed them under a fluorescent microscope and a LSM and quantified a high co-localization with PPP1gamma1 and 2 isoforms.

The Application of Quantitative Stereology to the Study of Adenohypophyseal Cells

1976 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 124-125
Author(s):  
Max C. Poole ◽  
V.B. Mahesh ◽  
Allen Costoff
Keyword(s):  
Anterior Pituitary ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
The Other ◽  
Vaginal Smears ◽  
Prolactin Cells ◽  
Estrous Cycles ◽  
Liver Parenchymal ◽  
Quantitative Stereology ◽  
Parenchymal Cells ◽  
Different Cell Types

Quantitative stereology of liver parenchymal cells has previously been reported (1,2), but there have been few studies of morphometry applied to a heterogenous tissue (3). Due to the presence of several different cell types, it is difficult to study the synthesis and secretion of hormones in cells of the anterior pituitary by conventional biochemical means. In this study prolactin cells were analyzed using morphometry during different times of the rat estrous cycle, and were correlated with changing levels of prolactin in the serum and pituitary gland.Vaginal smears of 60 day old Holtzman rats were monitored through three estrous cycles, and only four day cycling rats were used. Groups of six animals were decapitated at 4 P.M., 6 P.M., 10 P.M. and 12 midnight of proestrus and one half of the pituitary was processed for electron microscopy and the other half for assay.

scholarly journals HCMV trimer- and pentamer-specific antibodies synergize for virus neutralization but do not correlate with congenital transmission

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (9) ◽  
pp. 3728-3733 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam L. Vanarsdall ◽  
Andrea L. Chin ◽  
Jing Liu ◽  
Theodore S. Jardetzky ◽  
James O. Mudd ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
The Other ◽  
Major Focus ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
Transplant Patients ◽  
Human Sera ◽  
Cell Spread ◽  
Major Target ◽  
Pregnant Mothers

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) causes substantial disease in transplant patients and harms the development of the nervous system in babies infected in utero. Thus, there is a major focus on developing safe and effective HCMV vaccines. Evidence has been presented that a major target of neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) is the HCMV pentamer glycoprotein gH/gL/UL128-131. In some studies, most of the NAbs in animal or human sera were found to recognize the pentamer, which mediates HCMV entry into endothelial and epithelial cells. It was also reported that pentamer-specific antibodies correlate with protection against transmission from mothers to babies. One problem with the studies on pentamer-specific NAbs to date has been that the studies did not compare the pentamer to the other major form of gH/gL, the gH/gL/gO trimer, which is essential for entry into all cell types. Here, we demonstrate that both trimer and pentamer NAbs are frequently found in human transplant patients’ and pregnant mothers’ sera. Depletion of human sera with trimer caused reductions in NAbs similar to that observed following depletion with the pentamer. The trimer- and pentamer-specific antibodies acted in a synergistic fashion to neutralize HCMV and also to prevent virus cell-to-cell spread. Importantly, there was no correlation between the titers of trimer- and pentamer-specific NAbs and transmission of HCMV from mothers to babies. Therefore, both the trimer and pentamer are important targets of NAbs. Nevertheless, these antibodies do not protect against transmission of HCMV from mothers to babies.

scholarly journals Investigations on the postnatal development of the foliate papillae using light and scanning electron microscopy in the porcupine (Hystrix cristata)

2013 ◽  
Vol 58 (No. 6) ◽  
pp. 318-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Yilmaz ◽  
A. Aydin ◽  
G. Dinc ◽  
B. Toprak ◽  
M. Karan
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Taste Buds ◽  
The Other ◽  
Average Depth ◽  
Hystrix Cristata ◽  
Basal Half ◽  
Different Cell Types ◽  
Scanning Electron

In this study SEM and light microscopy were used to investigate the structure of the foliate papillae in the porcupine. The foliate papillae consisted of about 10 or 11 clefts. The length of the foliate papillae averaged 2.79 mm and its width averaged 863 µm. Taste buds were located intraepithelial in the basal half of the papilla grooves (sulcus papillae). Every wall on each fold harboured from five to nine taste buds. There were two different cell types of taste buds: one stained light (epitheliocytus sensorius gustatorius), and the other dark (epitheliocytus sustentans). The length and width of the taste buds averaged 190.5 µm and 86 µm, respectively. The ratio of the length to the width of taste buds was 2.21. The average depth of the papilla groves was 1763 µm and its epithelial thickness was 235.5 µm. In scanning electron microscopy, the thickness of the epithelial cell borders was apparent at higher magnifications and there micro-ridges and micro-pits were apparent on the surfaces of these cells.  

Pattern formation in the Arabidopsis embryo: a genetic perspective

1995 ◽  
Vol 350 (1331) ◽  
pp. 19-25 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Pattern Formation ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Postembryonic Development ◽  
The Other ◽  
Basic Body ◽  
Number Of Genes ◽  
Meaningful Context ◽  
Mutant Phenotypes ◽  
Different Cell Types

During embryogenesis, a single cell gives rise to different cell types, tissues and organs which are arranged in a biologically meaningful context, or pattern. The resulting basic body organization of higher plants, which is expressed in the seedling, provides a reference system for postembryonic development during which the meristems of the shoot and the root produce the adult body. The seedling may be viewed as the superimposition of two patterns: one along the apical-basal axis of polarity and the other perpendicular to the axis. To analyse mechanisms underlying pattern formation in the embryo, a genetic approach has been taken in Arabidopsis . Mutations in a small number of genes alter one or the other of the two patterns. The mutant phenotypes suggest that early partitioning of the axis is followed by region-specific development, including the formation of the primary shoot and root meristems. The cloning of two genes involved in pattern formation provides a basis for mechanistic studies of how cells adopt specific fates in the developing embryo.

The sorting out of embryonic cells in monolayer, the differential adhesion hypothesis and the non-specificity of cell adhesion

1979 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 249-266
Author(s):  
A. Nicol ◽  
D.R. Garrod
Keyword(s):  
Corneal Epithelium ◽  
Liver Parenchyma ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Limb Bud ◽  
The Other ◽  
Embryonic Cells ◽  
Differential Adhesion ◽  
Discontinuous Phase ◽  
Different Cell Types ◽  
Differential Adhesion Hypothesis

It has been reported previously that sorting out of chick embryonic liver parenchyma and limb bud mesenchymal cells would take place in monolayer culture. The distribution of cell types obtained (liver formed the internal, discontinuous phase) was interpreted in terms of the differential adhesion hypothesis. It was suggested that, in monolayer, liver cells were more cohesive than limb bud cells. In this paper we set out to extend the previous observations with 2 particular questions in mind: (i) Is sorting out in monolayer a general phenomenon occurring between a wider range of cell types? (ii) Can evidence be provided for or against the interpretation of results in terms of the differential adhesion hypothesis? Sorting-out experiments were conducted on circular hydrophilic islands, on an otherwise hydrophobic substratum. Under these conditions, sorting-out in monolayer was obtained with binary combinations of 4 chick embryonic tissue types: liver parenchyma, limb bud mesenchyme, pigmented epithelium of the eye and corneal epithelium. With every combination but one, the cells of one type surrounded the cells of the other type, generating what we have called a ‘circle-within-a-circle’ configuration. With the remaining combination, liver parenchyma and corneal epithelium, only localized sorting was obtained. The ‘circle-within-a-circle’ configuration is consistent with an interpretation in terms of the differential adhesion hypothesis, according to which the distribution of cells is determined by the relative strengths of cohesions between their lateral surfaces. In direct support of this is the finding from plating the different cell types at sub-confluent density on hydrophilic substrata that limb bud is the cell tye having the weakest lateral cohesion in monolayer. Limb bud surrounded the other 3 tissues on hydrophilic island. A hierachy of lateral cohesiveness between the 4 cell types has been constructed. It is unlikely that the results can be explained in terms of specific cohesion. When plated together at subconfluent density, the 3 epithelial cell types aggregate together to form mixed monolayered islands, suggesting that they share common adhesive mechanisms.

scholarly journals Region-specific Antibodies to Chromogranin B Display Various Immunostaining Patterns in Human Endocrine Pancreas

2002 ◽  
Vol 50 (8) ◽  
pp. 1023-1030 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guida Maria Portela–GomesM ◽  
Mats Stridsberg
Keyword(s):  
Endocrine Pancreas ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Double Immunofluorescence ◽  
Chromogranin B ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
Tissue Sections ◽  
Insulin Cells ◽  
Pancreatic Polypeptide Cells ◽  
Dibasic Amino Acid ◽  
Islet Cell Types

Chromogranin (Cg) B is an acidic glycoprotein present in neuroendocrine tissue. The sequence shows several dibasic amino acid positions susceptible to proteolytic cleavage. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the expression of CgB epitopes in the human endocrine pancreas. Tissue sections of six human pancreata were immunostained with 16 different region-specific antibodies to the CgB molecule, using double immunofluorescence techniques. The CgB epitope pattern varied in the four major islet cell types. B (insulin)-cells expressed immunoreactivity to all region-specific antibodies. The antibodies to the N-terminal and mid-portions of CgB showed moderate immunoreactivity, the C-terminal antibodies weak. A (glucagon)-cells were reactive only to the N-terminal and mid-portion antibodies but, after microwave pretreatment, to all antibodies, whereas D (somatostatin)-cells expressed only the sequence CgB 244–255 and a subpopulation CgB 580–595. PP (pancreatic polypeptide) cells were immunostained with antibodies between CgB 1–417 and a few with CgB 580–593. The fragment CgB 244–255 was expressed in all four cell types. The cause of these differences may be cell-specific cleavage or masking of the molecule, but varying translation of CgB mRNA is also possible. The extent to which these epitopes reflect fragments having biological functions remains to be evaluated.

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