The Application of Quantitative Stereology to the Study of Adenohypophyseal Cells

1976 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 124-125
Author(s):  
Max C. Poole ◽  
V.B. Mahesh ◽  
Allen Costoff
Keyword(s):  
Anterior Pituitary ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
The Other ◽  
Vaginal Smears ◽  
Prolactin Cells ◽  
Estrous Cycles ◽  
Liver Parenchymal ◽  
Quantitative Stereology ◽  
Parenchymal Cells ◽  
Different Cell Types

Quantitative stereology of liver parenchymal cells has previously been reported (1,2), but there have been few studies of morphometry applied to a heterogenous tissue (3). Due to the presence of several different cell types, it is difficult to study the synthesis and secretion of hormones in cells of the anterior pituitary by conventional biochemical means. In this study prolactin cells were analyzed using morphometry during different times of the rat estrous cycle, and were correlated with changing levels of prolactin in the serum and pituitary gland.Vaginal smears of 60 day old Holtzman rats were monitored through three estrous cycles, and only four day cycling rats were used. Groups of six animals were decapitated at 4 P.M., 6 P.M., 10 P.M. and 12 midnight of proestrus and one half of the pituitary was processed for electron microscopy and the other half for assay.

scholarly journals The distribution, induction and isoenzyme profile of glutathione S-transferase and glutathione peroxidase in isolated rat liver parenchymal, Kupffer and endothelial cells

1989 ◽  
Vol 264 (3) ◽  
pp. 737-744 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Steinberg ◽  
H Schramm ◽  
L Schladt ◽  
L W Robertson ◽  
H Thomas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Glutathione Peroxidase ◽  
Rat Liver ◽  
Peroxidase Activity ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Transferase Activity ◽  
Glutathione Peroxidase Activity ◽  
Glutathione S Transferase ◽  
Liver Parenchymal ◽  
Parenchymal Cells

The distribution and inducibility of cytosolic glutathione S-transferase (EC 2.5.1.18) and glutathione peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.19) activities in rat liver parenchymal, Kupffer and endothelial cells were studied. In untreated rats glutathione S-transferase activity with 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene and 4-hydroxynon-2-trans-enal as substrates was 1.7-2.2-fold higher in parenchymal cells than in Kupffer and endothelial cells, whereas total, selenium-dependent and non-selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase activities were similar in all three cell types. Glutathione S-transferase isoenzymes in parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells isolated from untreated rats were separated by chromatofocusing in an f.p.l.c. system: all glutathione S-transferase isoenzymes observed in the sinusoidal lining cells were also detected in the parenchymal cells, whereas Kupffer and endothelial cells lacked several glutathione S-transferase isoenzymes present in parenchymal cells. At 5 days after administration of Arocolor 1254 glutathione S-transferase activity was only enhanced in parenchymal cells; furthermore, selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase activity decreased in parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells. At 13 days after a single injection of Aroclor 1254 a strong induction of glutathione S-transferase had taken place in all three cell types, whereas selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase activity remained unchanged (endothelial cells) or was depressed (parenchymal and Kupffer cells). Hence these results clearly establish that glutathione S-transferase and glutathione peroxidase are differentially regulated in rat liver parenchymal as well as non-parenchymal cells. The presence of glutathione peroxidase and several glutathione S-transferase isoenzymes capable of detoxifying a variety of compounds in Kupffer and endothelial cells might be crucial to protect the liver from damage by potentially hepatotoxic substances.

scholarly journals ULTRASTRUCTURAL BASIS OF BIOCHEMICAL EFFECTS IN A SERIES OF LETHAL ALLELES IN THE MOUSE

1973 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 549-563 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica J. Trigg ◽  
Salome Gluecksohn-Waelsch
Keyword(s):  
Cell Types ◽  
Kidney Cells ◽  
Liver Parenchymal ◽  
Biochemical Effects ◽  
Parenchymal Liver ◽  
Fetal Mouse Liver ◽  
Parenchymal Cells ◽  
Mutant Cells ◽  
Mutational Effect ◽  
Striking Parallelism

The fine structure of newborn and fetal mouse liver and of newborn kidney cells homozygous for any of three albino alleles known to have multiple biochemical effects was investigated. Electron microscope studies of mutant cells revealed dilation and vesiculation of the rough endoplasmic reticulum in parenchymal liver cells, as well as dilation and other anomalies of the Golgi apparatus. These abnormalities were observed in all newborn mutants but never in littermate controls. Although they were most pronounced in liver parenchymal cells, they were found also to a lesser degree in kidney cells, but they were absent altogether in other cell types of the mutant newborn. Homozygous fetuses showed similar anomalies in the liver at 19 days of gestational age. In one of the alleles studied, mutant liver parenchymal cells were found to be abnormal as early as the 18th day of gestation. There appears to be a striking parallelism between the biochemical defects and those of the cellular membranes in homozygous mutant newborn and fetuses. Although the specific nature of the mutational effect on membrane structure remains unknown, the results are compatible with the assumption that a mutationally caused defect in a membrane component interferes with a mechanism vital in the integration of morphological and biochemical differentiation.

scholarly journals Chromogranin A in the Human Gastrointestinal Tract: An Immunocytochemical Study with Region-specific Antibodies

2002 ◽  
Vol 50 (11) ◽  
pp. 1487-1492 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guida Maria Portela-Gomes ◽  
Mats Stridsberg
Keyword(s):  
Chromogranin A ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
The Other ◽  
Gi Tract ◽  
Human Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Double Immunofluorescence ◽  
Gastrin Cells ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
Ec Cells ◽  
Different Cell Types

We studied the immunoreactivity of 12 different region-specific antibodies to the chromogranin A (CgA) molecule in the various neuroendocrine cell types of the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract by using double immunofluorescence techniques. These staining results were compared with others obtained with a commercial monoclonal CgA antibody (LK2H10). G (gastrin)-cells showed immunoreactivity to virtually all region-specific antibodies, but with varying frequency. Most intestinal EC (enterochromaffin)- and L (enteroglucagon)-cells were immunoreactive to the antibodies to the N-terminal and mid-portion of the CgA molecule, whereas the EC-cells in the stomach reacted with fewer region-specific antibodies. D (somatostatin)-cells reacted to the CgA 411–424 antibody and only occasionally showed immunoreactivity to the other CgA antibodies. A larger cytoplasmic area was stained with the antibodies to CgA 17–38 and 176–195 than with the other antibodies tested. These differences in staining pattern may reflect different cleavage of the CgA molecule in different cell types and at different regions of the GI tract.

scholarly journals ETUDE QUANTITATIVE PAR RADIOAUTOGRAPHIE AU MICROSCOPE ELECTRONIQUE DE L'UTILISATION DE LA DL-LEUCINE-3H PAR LES CELLULES DE L'HYPOPHYSE DU CANARD EN CULTURE ORGANOTYPIQE

1967 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 501-519 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Tixier-Vidal ◽  
R. Picart
Keyword(s):  
Intracellular Transport ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
The Other ◽  
Prolactin Cells ◽  
Cellular Compartment ◽  
Synthetic Process ◽  
Protein Granules ◽  
The One ◽  
Golgi Zone

The synthesis, intracellular transport, storing, and excretion of proteins by duck hypophyseal cells in organ culture were studied with tritiated DL-leucine and high resolution radioautography (pulse-labeling experiments). Quantitative study of the radioautographs allowed a determination of the relative proportions of cytoplasmic radioactivity located in each cellular compartment (ergastoplasm, Golgi apparatus, and protein granules) as well as the variations in these proportions as a function of time. The number of labeled protein granules as opposed to the total number of granules in the cell was also determined (RSg). These data were separately analyzed for the two types of cells present in the explants: prolactin cells and "MSH" cells. The synthetic process follows a course common to both cell types, each of which is distinguished by its particular modalities. The labeled proteins, synthesized within several minutes in the ergastoplasm, are concentrated in the Golgi zone within 30 min. They then migrate out of this area, the emptying of which is accomplished in about 4 hr. These proteins become equally distributed between the protein granules, on the one hand, and the cytoplasm ("sedentary" proteins), on the other. The RSg reaches its maximum when the Golgi zone is emptied, but this figure remains very low (3%). The RSg then decreases slowly (1% in 40 hr). It is concluded that hypophyseal cells are able to store protein in their granules and that their processes of synthesis and excretion are not continuous. The prolactin cells differ from the "MSH" cells in that they have a slower migration of newly synthesized proteins, and these proteins pass via the dilated ergastoplasmic cisterns in which they may possibly be stored.

Organ culture of the anterior pituitary in a synthetic medium. An immunocytochemical study

1983 ◽  
Vol 102 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Bégeot ◽  
J. Y. Li ◽  
M. P. Dubois ◽  
P. M. Dubois
Keyword(s):  
Organ Culture ◽  
Anterior Pituitary ◽  
Synthetic Medium ◽  
Calf Serum ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Foetal Calf Serum ◽  
Pituitary Cells ◽  
The Third ◽  
Different Cell Types

Abstract. Anterior pituitaries removed from human foetuses and rat neonates were maintained in organ culture after using three different media. A comparative immunocytological study of the different cell-types was made in the three media used. In the first medium containing foetal calf serum the different cell-types were present but their frequency in the cultured explants depended upon their representation in the tissue at the beginning of the culture. In the medium without any adjunction, the most characteristic feature was the shrinkage of the cultured tissue. In the third medium in which foetal calf serum was replaced by insulin the evolution of the explants was the same as in the first medium. All the cell-types were represented with a particular development of gonadotrophic cells. In conclusion it seemed that the third synthetic medium can be used in order to study anterior pituitary cells in vitro.

Functional ATP receptors in rat anterior pituitary cells

1997 ◽  
Vol 273 (6) ◽  
pp. C1963-C1971 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Villalobos ◽  
Sara R. Alonso-Torre ◽  
Lucía Núñez ◽  
Javier García-Sancho
Keyword(s):  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Anterior Pituitary ◽  
Neural Tissue ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
P2x Receptors ◽  
Large Percentage ◽  
The Other ◽  
Pituitary Cells ◽  
Atp Receptors ◽  
Anterior Pituitary Cells

The effects of ATP and other nucleotides on the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) of single immunocytochemically typed anterior pituitary (AP) cells have been studied. ATP increased [Ca2+]iin a large percentage (60–88%) of all five AP cell types: lactotropes, somatotropes, corticotropes, gonadotropes, and thyrotropes. Additivity experiments suggest the presence of at least two different receptors, one accepting both ATP and UTP (U receptor), producing Ca2+ release from the intracellular stores, and the other preferring ATP (A receptor), producing Ca2+ (and Mn2+) entry. The characteristics of the U and A receptors were consistent with those of P2Y2 and P2X2, respectively, and their distribution in the different AP cell types was not homogeneous. The presence of other ATP receptors such P2Y1 or P2X2/P2X3heteropolymers in a small fraction of the cells cannot be excluded. Thus functional ionophoric P2X receptors, which are typical of neural tissue, are also present in the pituitary gland and could contribute to regulation of the gland’s function.

scholarly journals Rapid Changes in Anterior Pituitary Cell Phenotypes in Male and Female Mice after Acute Cold Stress

Endocrinology ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 149 (5) ◽  
pp. 2159-2167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Senovilla ◽  
Lucía Núñez ◽  
Carlos Villalobos ◽  
Javier García-Sancho
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Cold Stress ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Anterior Pituitary ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Female Mice ◽  
Rapid Changes ◽  
Cell Phenotypes ◽  
Different Cell Types

The anterior pituitary (AP) is made of five different cell types. The relative abundance and phenotype of AP cells may change in different physiological situations as an expression of pituitary plasticity. Here, we analyze in detail the phenotype of mouse corticotropes and the effects of acute cold stress on AP cell populations. The hormone content and the expression of hypothalamic-releasing hormone (HRH) receptors in all the five AP cell types were studied in the male and female mice at rest and after a 30-min cold stress. Expression of HRH receptors was evidenced by imaging the single-cell cytosolic Ca2+ responses in fura-2-loaded cells. Hormone contents were studied by multiple, simultaneous immunofluorescence of all the five hormones. Corticotropes displayed a striking sexual dimorphism, even in the resting condition. Male corticotropes showed the orthodox phenotype. They were monohormonal, storing only ACTH, and monoreceptorial, responding only to CRH. In contrast, female corticotropes were made of about equal parts of orthodox cells and multifunctional cells, which co-stored additional AP hormones and expressed additional HRH receptors. Cold stress did not modify the number of ACTH containing cells, but, according to immunostaining, it increased the relative abundance of other AP cell types at the expense of the pool of cells storing no hormones. Cold stress also modified the response to CRH and other HRHs. Most of these phenotypical changes presented a strong sexual dimorphism. These results indicate that pituitary plasticity is even larger than previously thought.

scholarly journals Receptor-mediated endocytosis of retinol-binding protein by liver parenchymal cells: interference by radioactive iodination

1993 ◽  
Vol 291 (1) ◽  
pp. 187-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
L Malaba ◽  
G M Kindberg ◽  
K R Norum ◽  
T Berg ◽  
R Blomhoff
Keyword(s):  
Binding Protein ◽  
The Other ◽  
Retinol Binding Protein ◽  
Lag Phase ◽  
Steady Increase ◽  
Release Process ◽  
Liver Parenchymal ◽  
Cell Association ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
Parenchymal Cells

Retinol-binding protein (RBP) was iodinated directly by radio-iodine substitution on the tyrosyl residues by the sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) or the Enzymobead (EB) methods, or indirectly by linkage of 125I-tyramine-cellobiose (TC) or 125I-N-succinimidyl-3-(4- hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid ester (SHPP) adduct on to free amino residues of RBP. Binding, uptake and degradation of iodinated RBP were studied in isolated rat and rabbit liver parenchymal cells. The amount of ligand bound to cells at 4 degrees C was dependent on the type of labelling, in that the 125I-TC ligand was bound to a lesser extent than NaClO-labelled 125I-RBP, EB-labelled 125I-RBP and 125I-SHPP-RBP. At 37 degrees C, the 125I-SHPP-RBP and the EB-labelled 125I-RBP became cell-associated more rapidly than the other two ligands. The higher cell association at 37 degrees C than at 4 degrees C suggests that internalization of the ligand occurred at the higher temperature. The degradation of the ligands was also different. The EB-labelled 125I-RBP, the 125I-TC-RBP and the 125I-SHPP-RBP showed an apparent lag phase before a steady increase in acid-soluble radioactivity was observed. Much less of EB-labelled 125I-RBP and 125I-TC-RBP were degraded (about 6%) than of the other two ligands (about 16%) after 120 min. About 50% of the acid-soluble radioactivity in these experiments could be accounted for by degradation in the medium, suggesting that about half of the degradation observed was intracellular. The present study therefore shows that the different labelling techniques yield varying estimates of the cellular handling of RBP. In addition, a rapid release of RBP was observed in experiments where cells were pulsed with radioactive RBP at 4 degrees C, washed and incubated further at 37 degrees C. Between 50% and 70% was released after 5 min of incubation. By increasing the temperature during the pulse to 37 degrees C, or by lowering the temperature during the chase to 4 degrees C, much less RBP was released from the cells. These data suggest that the release process represents recycling of internalized ligand from an early endosome.

Changes with age in the number and size of anterior pituitary cells in female mice from suckling to adulthood

1988 ◽  
Vol 117 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-NP ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Sasaki
Keyword(s):  
Anterior Pituitary ◽  
The Other ◽  
Morphometric Study ◽  
Postnatal Life ◽  
Pituitary Cells ◽  
Adult Size ◽  
Female Mice ◽  
Adult Mice ◽  
Anterior Pituitary Cells ◽  
Parenchymal Cells

ABSTRACT Changes with age in the number and size of anterior pituitary cells in female mice were calculated during their postnatal development by using a stereological morphometric study with electron microscopy. The number of parenchymal cells increased in mice from 20 to 30 days of age, and did not change around puberty, after which the number increased to the adult level. The number of somatotrophs increased with age in almost the same manner as the parenchymal cells. The number of lactotrophs increased with age and were significantly different each time they were measured. The number of non-granulated cells did not increase in mice from 20 days of age to adulthood; at 20 days of age, the number was at the same level as in the adult mice. The other types of cells increased by only a small number. The sizes of all types of cells increased during postnatal life. Somatotrophs and lactotrophs became the same size as in adults by the onset of puberty. Non-granulated cells and other types of cells reached adult size at 5 days after puberty. Lactotrophs and somatotrophs had adult ultrastructural features on the day of puberty. Sizes and ultrastructural features of anterior pituitary cells reached adult levels on the day of puberty, but their numbers were still fewer than in adult mice. The increase in the volume of the anterior pituitary with age arose mostly from an increase in the number and the size of somatotrophs and lactotrophs before puberty, increases in the size of somatotrophs and the number of lactotrophs around puberty, and an increase in the number of both types of cells after puberty. J. Endocr. (1988) 117,5–10

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