A benchmark and real-time estimator for the passenger arrival rate to elevator system

2018 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-150
Author(s):  
Ahmad Hammoudeh ◽  
Lutfi Al-Sharif ◽  
Mohammad Al-Shabi
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Linear Model ◽  
Kalman Filtering ◽  
Spectrum Analysis ◽  
Moving Average ◽  
Singular Spectrum Analysis ◽  
Arrival Rate ◽  
Singular Spectrum ◽  
Group Control ◽  
Weighted Moving Average

Arrival rate is the number of passengers arriving for elevator service in a certain period of time. Arrival rate is fundamental in expressing the heaviness of the traffic. Hence, it is vital for determining the required number of elevators and the specifications of each elevator such as the speed, capacity, and sector sizes. The passenger arrival process is a random process that is full of noise, and a processing step is required to extract the arrival rate from recorded arrival times of passengers. This work develops a real-time estimator and a benchmark for estimating the arrival rate. There are three contributions in this work; the first is suggesting a benchmark for estimating arrival rate; singular spectrum analysis extracts the arrival rate from noisy data. Hence, singular spectrum analysis is suggested as a benchmark for evaluating the performance of other algorithms. Even though singular spectrum analysis is powerful in extracting the arrival rate, it is not convenient for updating the arrival rate in real time. The second contribution is developing a real-time estimator for the passenger arrival rate that updates its parameters dynamically; dynamic exponentially weighted moving average was developed to provide instantaneous arrival rate updates. The third contribution is introducing exponentially weighted moving average as a linear model for passenger arrival, which opens the door to a large number of model-based algorithms in control theory; Kalman filtering was developed in this work on the top of the EWMA linear model. The results of applying Kalman filtering and DEWMA to real-life data show them as efficient methods for estimating passenger arrival rate to the elevators in real time. Practical application: The methods presented in this paper would allow an elevator controller designer to detect the intensity of the passenger arrival rate. By doing this, it is possible for the elevator controller to switch between different group control algorithms. For example, it could decide to switch from conventional group control to sectoring control and vice versa.

scholarly journals Multi-Channel Singular Spectrum Analysis on Geocenter Motion and Its Precise Prediction

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 1403
Author(s):  
Xin Jin ◽  
Xin Liu ◽  
Jinyun Guo ◽  
Yi Shen
Keyword(s):  
Solid Earth ◽  
Spectrum Analysis ◽  
Mean Squared Error ◽  
Moving Average ◽  
Singular Spectrum Analysis ◽  
Singular Spectrum ◽  
Autoregressive Moving Average Model ◽  
Seasonal Characteristics ◽  
Geocenter Motion ◽  
Moving Average Model

Geocenter is the center of the mass of the Earth system including the solid Earth, ocean, and atmosphere. The time-varying characteristics of geocenter motion (GCM) reflect the redistribution of the Earth’s mass and the interaction between solid Earth and mass loading. Multi-channel singular spectrum analysis (MSSA) was introduced to analyze the GCM products determined from satellite laser ranging data released by the Center for Space Research through January 1993 to February 2017 for extracting the periods and the long-term trend of GCM. The results show that the GCM has obvious seasonal characteristics of the annual, semiannual, quasi-0.6-year, and quasi-1.5-year in the X, Y, and Z directions, the annual characteristics make great domination, and its amplitudes are 1.7, 2.8, and 4.4 mm, respectively. It also shows long-period terms of 6.09 years as well as the non-linear trends of 0.05, 0.04, and –0.10 mm/yr in the three directions, respectively. To obtain real-time GCM parameters, the MSSA method combining a linear model (LM) and autoregressive moving average model (ARMA) was applied to predict GCM for 2 years into the future. The precision of predictions made using the proposed model was evaluated by the root mean squared error (RMSE). The results show that the proposed method can effectively predict GCM parameters, and the prediction precision in the three directions is 1.53, 1.08, and 3.46 mm, respectively.

Singular Spectrum Analysis With Conditional Predictions for Real‐Time State Estimation and Forecasting

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 1851-1860 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Reed Ogrosky ◽  
Samuel N. Stechmann ◽  
Nan Chen ◽  
Andrew J. Majda
Keyword(s):  
State Estimation ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Spectrum Analysis ◽  
Singular Spectrum Analysis ◽  
Singular Spectrum

Multivariate singular spectrum analysis for forecasting revisions to real-time data

2011 ◽  
Vol 38 (10) ◽  
pp. 2183-2211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kerry Patterson ◽  
Hossein Hassani ◽  
Saeed Heravi ◽  
Anatoly Zhigljavsky
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Spectrum Analysis ◽  
Singular Spectrum Analysis ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Singular Spectrum ◽  
Real Time Data ◽  
Multivariate Singular Spectrum Analysis

scholarly journals Automatic Near Real-Time Outlier Detection and Correction in Cardiac Interbeat Interval Series for Heart Rate Variability Analysis: Singular Spectrum Analysis-Based Approach (Preprint)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Lang
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heart Rate Variability ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Spectrum Analysis ◽  
Singular Spectrum Analysis ◽  
Detection Performance ◽  
Change Point Detection ◽  
Heart Rate Variability Analysis ◽  
Singular Spectrum ◽  
Ectopic Beats

BACKGROUND Heart rate variability (HRV) is derived from the series of R-R intervals extracted from an electrocardiographic (ECG) measurement. Ideally all components of the R-R series are the result of sinoatrial node depolarization. However, the actual R-R series are contaminated by outliers due to heart rhythm disturbances such as ectopic beats, which ought to be detected and corrected appropriately before HRV analysis. OBJECTIVE We have introduced a novel, lightweight, and near real-time method to detect and correct anomalies in the R-R series based on the singular spectrum analysis (SSA). This study aimed to assess the performance of the proposed method in terms of (1) detection performance (sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy); (2) root mean square error (RMSE) between the actual N-N series and the approximated outlier-cleaned R-R series; and (3) how it benchmarks against a competitor in terms of the relative RMSE. METHODS A lightweight SSA-based change-point detection procedure, improved through the use of a cumulative sum control chart with adaptive thresholds to reduce detection delays, monitored the series of R-R intervals in real time. Upon detection of an anomaly, the corrupted segment was substituted with the respective outlier-cleaned approximation obtained using recurrent SSA forecasting. Next, N-N intervals from a 5-minute ECG segment were extracted from each of the 18 records in the MIT-BIH Normal Sinus Rhythm Database. Then, for each such series, a number (randomly drawn integer between 1 and 6) of simulated ectopic beats were inserted at random positions within the series and results were averaged over 1000 Monte Carlo runs. Accordingly, 18,000 R-R records corresponding to 5-minute ECG segments were used to assess the detection performance whereas another 180,000 (10,000 for each record) were used to assess the error introduced in the correction step. Overall 198,000 R-R series were used in this study. RESULTS The proposed SSA-based algorithm reliably detected outliers in the R-R series and achieved an overall sensitivity of 96.6%, specificity of 98.4% and accuracy of 98.4%. Furthermore, it compared favorably in terms of discrepancies of the cleaned R-R series compared with the actual N-N series, outperforming an established correction method on average by almost 30%. CONCLUSIONS The proposed algorithm, which leverages the power and versatility of the SSA to both automatically detect and correct artifacts in the R-R series, provides an effective and efficient complementary method and a potential alternative to the current manual-editing gold standard. Other important characteristics of the proposed method include the ability to operate in near real-time, the almost entirely model-free nature of the framework which does not require historical training data, and its overall low computational complexity.

scholarly journals A Low-Complexity Model-Free Approach for Real-Time Cardiac Anomaly Detection Based on Singular Spectrum Analysis and Nonparametric Control Charts

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Lang
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Spectrum Analysis ◽  
Control Charts ◽  
Singular Spectrum Analysis ◽  
Computational Cost ◽  
Cardiac Anomaly ◽  
Cardiac Anomalies ◽  
Singular Spectrum ◽  
Model Free ◽  
Model Free Approach

While the importance of continuous monitoring of electrocardiographic (ECG) or photoplethysmographic (PPG) signals to detect cardiac anomalies is generally accepted in preventative medicine, there remain major barriers to its actual widespread adoption. Most notably, current approaches tend to lack real-time capability, exhibit high computational cost, and be based on restrictive modeling assumptions or require large amounts of training data. We propose a lightweight and model-free approach for the online detection of cardiac anomalies such as ectopic beats in ECG or PPG signals based on the change detection capabilities of Singular Spectrum Analysis (SSA) and nonparametric rank-based cumulative sum (CUSUM) control charts. The procedure is able to quickly detect anomalies without requiring the identification of fiducial points such as R-peaks and is computationally significantly less demanding than previously proposed SSA-based approaches. Therefore, the proposed procedure is equally well suited for standalone use and as an add-on to complement existing (e.g. heart rate (HR) estimation) procedures.

scholarly journals FORECASTING DATA RUNTUN WAKTU MUSIMAN MENGGUNAKAN METODE SINGULAR SPECTRUM ANALYSIS (SSA)

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 47
Author(s):  
Dadang Ruhiat ◽  
Dini Andiani ◽  
Wulan Nurul Kamilah
Keyword(s):  
Spectrum Analysis ◽  
Moving Average ◽  
Singular Spectrum Analysis ◽  
Mean Absolute Percentage Error ◽  
Percentage Error ◽  
Forecasting Model ◽  
Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average ◽  
Absolute Percentage Error ◽  
Singular Spectrum

Pemodelan dan forecasting data runtun waktu akhir-akhir ini terus berkembang dan digunakan di berbagai bidang termasuk di bidang hidrologi. Parameter hidrologi yang sangat penting adalah debit sungai di Indonesia sebagaimana halnya di negara tropis lainnya, besaran dan fluktuasinya dipengaruhi oleh dua faktor musiman, yaitu musim hujan dan kemarau. Pemodelan dan forecasting runtun waktu berbasis statistik pada dasarnya dapat dilakukan melalui dua pendekatan, yaitu statistik parametrik dan statistik non-parametrik. Namun fakta menunjukkan pemodelan dan forecasting runtun waktu melalui pendekatan statistik parametrik  lebih banyak dilakukan. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan pemodelan dan forecasting data runtun waktu debit sungai melalui pendekatan statistik non-parametrik dengan menggunakan metode Singular Spectrum Analysis (SSA).  Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui hasil forecasting metode SSA dan mengetahui hasil komparasinya dengan hasil forecasting statistik parametrik yang telah dilakukan sebelumnya melalui model Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (SARIMA). Metode proses penelitian ini adalah berupa kajian teori yang kemudian dilanjutkan dengan proses komputasi. Hasil analisis menunjukkan metode SSA memberikan hasil forecasting dengan nilai Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) yang  lebih kecil dari model SARIMA. Dengan demikian disimpulkan forecasting runtun waktu debit sungai yang berpola musiman melalui metode SSA relatif lebih baik dari hasil forecasting model SARIMA.

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