Stereotypes as Justifications of Prejudice

2011 ◽  
Vol 37 (11) ◽  
pp. 1488-1498 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian S. Crandall ◽  
Angela J. Bahns ◽  
Ruth Warner ◽  
Mark Schaller
Keyword(s):  
Negative Affect ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Stereotype Content Model ◽  
Content Model ◽  
Stereotype Content ◽  
Information Interaction ◽  
Dimension Groups ◽  
History Of ◽  
Or History ◽  
Behavioral Discrimination

Three experiments investigate how stereotypes form as justifications for prejudice. The authors created novel content-free prejudices toward unfamiliar social groups using either subliminal (Experiment 1, N = 79) or supraliminal (Experiment 2, N = 105; Experiment 3, N = 130) affective conditioning and measured the consequent endorsement of stereotypes about the groups. Following the stereotype content model, analyses focused on the extent to which stereotypes connoted warmth or competence. Results from all three experiments revealed effects on the warmth dimension but not on the competence dimension: Groups associated with negative affect were stereotyped as comparatively cold (but not comparatively incompetent). These results provide the first evidence that—in the absence of information, interaction, or history of behavioral discrimination—stereotypes develop to justify prejudice.

scholarly journals The content of soccer club stereotypes – Perceptions of warmth and competence of German Bundesliga and English Premier League clubs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathias Kauff ◽  
Jens H. Hellmann ◽  
Dennis Nigbur ◽  
Frank Asbrock
Keyword(s):  
Social Groups ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
Stereotype Content Model ◽  
Content Model ◽  
Premier League ◽  
Stereotype Content ◽  
Psychological Models ◽  
English Premier League

One of the most prominent social-psychological models describing the content of stereotypes about social groups is the Stereotype Content Model. The model assumes that social groups can be clustered along the dimensions of warmth (How well-intentioned is a group?) and competence (How capable is a group to implement its intentions?). We used this model to describe consensually shared stereotypes about soccer clubs from the German Bundesliga and the English Premier League. Using online questionnaires, we asked 681 and 800 participants to rate warmth, competence of as well as general attitudes and certain emotions associated with clubs from the Bundesliga (Study 1) and the Premier League (Study 2). Results indicated that clubs in both leagues can be grouped into three clusters along the dimensions of warmth and competence. Our approach extends previous work that mainly focusses on unidimensional evaluations of clubs.

scholarly journals Differences in Explicit Stereotype Activation among Social Groups Based on the Stereotype Content Model: Behavioral and Electrophysiological Evidence in Chinese Sample

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1001
Author(s):  
Yaping Yang ◽  
Katherine R. G. White ◽  
Xinfang Fan ◽  
Qiang Xu ◽  
Qing-Wei Chen
Keyword(s):  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Behavioral Pattern ◽  
Chinese Sample ◽  
Stereotype Activation ◽  
Stereotype Content Model ◽  
Content Model ◽  
Stereotype Content ◽  
High Competence

The stereotype content model (SCM; Fiske, Cuddy, Glick and Xu, 2002) identifies four basic categories of stereotyped social groups: high warmth-high competence (HW-HC), high warmth-low competence (HW-LC), low warmth-high competence (LW-HC), and low warmth-low competence (LW-LC). However, many of these groups have not been directly examined in stereotype activation research. The purpose of the present research was to extend stereotype activation research to groups that more fully represent those identified under the SCM. Employing explicit sequential priming task, participants responded to prime-target stimulus pairs that were either congruent or incongruent with stereotypes of social groups from all four SCM quadrants in two studies in the current investigation. Study 1 was to determine the behavioral pattern of explicit stereotype activation among four quadrants (the sample included 60 Chinese undergraduate students, 51%—female). Study 2 further employed event-related brain potentials (ERPs) technique to track the time course and electrophysiological underpinnings of explicit stereotype activation (the sample included 22 right-handed Chinese undergraduate students, 76%—female). In Study 1, participants responded more quickly and accurately on stereotype congruent trials than incongruent trials for all social groups except LW-LC groups. This reverse priming effect on LW-LC social groups in RTs was also replicated in Study 2. ERPs findings further showed that incongruent targets elicited larger N400 amplitudes than congruent targets for all four SCM quadrants. Moreover, congruent targets elicited larger P2 than incongruent targets, but only found for the LW-LC social groups. In addition, congruent targets elicited larger amplitudes of late positive component than incongruent targets for the low warmth (LW-LC and LW-HC) groups. Together, these results highlight the unique processing that LW-LC groups receive throughout the cognitive stream, ultimately manifesting in distinctive behavioral responses. Unconscious activation of egalitarian goals, disgust, and distrust accounts are discussed.

Animals as Social Objects

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 206-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Verónica Sevillano ◽  
Susan T. Fiske
Keyword(s):  
Social Perception ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Social Responses ◽  
Content Model ◽  
Stereotype Content ◽  
Nonhuman Animals ◽  
Behavioral Tendencies ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Sphere Of Influence

Abstract. Nonhuman animals are typically excluded from the scope of social psychology. This article presents animals as social objects – targets of human social responses – overviewing the similarities and differences with human targets. The focus here is on perceiving animal species as social groups. Reflecting the two fundamental dimensions of humans’ social cognition – perceived warmth (benign or ill intent) and competence (high or low ability), proposed within the Stereotype Content Model ( Fiske, Cuddy, Glick, & Xu, 2002 ) – animal stereotypes are identified, together with associated prejudices and behavioral tendencies. In line with human intergroup threats, both realistic and symbolic threats associated with animals are reviewed. As a whole, animals appear to be social perception targets within the human sphere of influence and a valid topic for research.

Stereotypes of Social Groups in Germany in Terms of Warmth and Competence

2010 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 76-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Asbrock
Keyword(s):  
Gay Men ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Social Judgment ◽  
Cultural Stereotypes ◽  
Student Sample ◽  
Content Model ◽  
Stereotype Content ◽  
German Student ◽  
Stable Clusters ◽  
Relevant Social Groups

The stereotype content model says that warmth and competence are fundamental dimensions of social judgment. This brief report analyzes the cultural stereotypes of relevant social groups in a German student sample (N = 82). In support of the model, stereotypes of 29 societal groups led to five stable clusters of differing warmth and competence evaluations. As expected, clusters cover all four possible combinations of warmth and competence. The study also reports unique findings for the German context, for example, similarities between the perceptions of Turks and other foreigners. Moreover, it points to different stereotypes of lesbians and gay men.

The Tourist Stereotype Model: Positive and Negative Dimensions

2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent Wing Sun Tung ◽  
Brian Edward Melville King ◽  
Serene Tse
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Measurement Model ◽  
Public Perceptions ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Stereotype Content Model ◽  
Content Model ◽  
Stereotype Content ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Destination Management Organizations ◽  
Additional Sample

This research proposes a measurement model to evaluate tourist stereotypes. Study 1 assesses the positive and negative tourist stereotypes that Hong Kong residents hold toward Chinese outbound tourists by connecting previous research on stereotypes from the Princeton Trilogy and from the stereotype content model. Six positive stereotypes were identified across two dimensions (i.e., Approachable: friendly, sincere, and good; and Competent: intelligent, industrious, and competent) as well as six inappropriate biases across two factors (i.e., Boastful: materialistic and loud; Rude: unreasonable, immoral, rude, and uncivilized). Study 2 provides further support for the measurement model by using an additional sample to investigate tourist self-stereotypes. Collectively, studies 1 and 2 contribute to the tourism literature by highlighting the dynamics involved in (self)-stereotyping that are relevant for destination management organizations (DMOs) and public policymakers involved in managing public perceptions of tourist stereotypes.

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