Evaluating Abdominal Injury in Impacts with Workstation Tables

2005 ◽  
Vol 1908 (1) ◽  
pp. 205-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Parent ◽  
David Tyrell ◽  
Benjamin Perlman ◽  
Peter Matthews
Keyword(s):  
Injury Risk ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Abdominal Injury ◽  
Test Results ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Hybrid Iii ◽  
Protection Strategies ◽  
Scale Test ◽  
Thoracic And Abdominal ◽  
The Impact

In rail passenger seating arrangements with workstation tables, there is a risk of serious thoracic and abdominal injury. Strategies to mitigate this injury risk are being developed through a cooperative agreement between the U.S. Federal Railroad Administration and the Rail Safety and Standards Board of the United Kingdom. The approach to developing the protection strategies involves collision investigations, computer simulations of the occupant response, and full-scale testing. During the train collision in Placentia, California, on April 23, 2002, many occupants hit workstation tables. The investigation indicated the likely modes of injury caused by the impact, the most traumatic being damage to the liver and spleen. A MADYMO computer simulation was created to estimate the loads and accelerations imparted on the occupants that brought about these injuries. Two experiments were designed and executed on a full-scale impact test with an occupant environment similar to the Placentia collision. These experiments incorporated advanced anthropomorphic test devices (ATDs) with increased abdominal instrumentation. The THOR (test device for human occupant restraint) ATD showed a more humanlike impact response than did the Hybrid III Railway Safety ATD. The full-scale test results are used to refine a MADYMO model of the THOR ATD to evaluate improved workstation tables. The occupant protection strategy that will be developed requires that the table remain rigidly attached to the car body and includes a frangible edge with a force–crush characteristic designed to minimize the abdominal load and compression. MADYMO simulations of this table design show a significantly reduced risk of severe abdominal injury.

Predicting Roof Diaphragm and Endwall Stiffness From Full-Scale Test Results of a Metal-Clad, Post-Frame Building

1992 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 977-985 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. G. Gebremedhin ◽  
J. A. Bartsch ◽  
M. C. Jorgensen
Keyword(s):  
Full Scale ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Full Scale Test ◽  
Frame Building ◽  
Scale Test

A Base Study to Investigate MASH Conservativeness of Occupant Risk Evaluation

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan Schulz ◽  
Chiara Silvestri Dobrovolny ◽  
Stefan Hurlebaus ◽  
Harika Reddy Prodduturu ◽  
Dusty R. Arrington ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Evaluation ◽  
Injury Risk ◽  
Evaluation Criteria ◽  
Oblique Impact ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Crash Test ◽  
Fe Model ◽  
Vehicle Interior ◽  
Space Model ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The manual for assessing safety hardware (MASH) defines crash tests to assess the impact performance of highway safety features in frontal and oblique impact events. Within MASH, the risk of injury to the occupant is assessed based on a “flail-space” model that estimates the average deceleration that an unrestrained occupant would experience when contacting the vehicle interior in a MASH crash test and uses the parameter as a surrogate for injury risk. MASH occupant risk criteria, however, are considered conservative in their nature, due to the fact that they are based on unrestrained occupant accelerations. Therefore, there is potential for increasing the maximum limits dictated in MASH for occupant risk evaluation. A frontal full-scale vehicle impact was performed with inclusion of an instrumented anthropomorphic test device (ATD). The scope of this study was to investigate the performance of the flail space model (FSM) in a full-scale crash test compared to the instrumented ATD recorded forces which can more accurately predict the occupant response during a collision event. Additionally, a finite element (FE) model was developed and calibrated against the full-scale crash test. The calibrated model can be used to perform parametric simulations with different testing conditions. Results obtained through this research will be considered for better correlation between vehicle accelerations and occupant injury. This becomes extremely important for designing and evaluating barrier systems that must fit within geometrical site constraints, which do not provide adequate length to redirect test vehicles according to MASH conservative evaluation criteria.

Crack Propagation Versus Crack Initiation Lives of FPSO Weld Details

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inge Lotsberg ◽  
Mamdouh M. Salama
Keyword(s):  
Crack Initiation ◽  
Crack Propagation ◽  
Fatigue Testing ◽  
Fatigue Cracks ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Inspection Strategy ◽  
Scale Test ◽  
Crack Initiation Life

Documentation of a long crack propagation phase is important for planning a sound inspection program for fatigue cracks in FPSOs. Test results of full scale FPSO weld details have shown that fatigue lives of FPSO details are governed by crack propagation and that crack propagation lives are several times that of the crack initiation life. However, some analysis packages predict a short crack propagation life until failure compared to the crack initiation life. These predictions are not consistent with full scale test results and thus cannot be relied on in developing inspection strategy. The reason for this inconsistency in analysis as compared with test results may be due to limitations in the analysis program packages. The paper presents analysis of fatigue testing data on several full scale FPSO weld details. The paper also discusses the effect of “shake-down’ that is not simulated in the full scale constant amplitude testing and would even lead to longer crack propagation lives under the actual long term loading on FPSOs.

Tangguh LNG Project Analysis of Full Scale Statistical Uplift Testing With Multiple Soil Layers

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terry Griffiths ◽  
Hayden Marcollo ◽  
Richard Johnson ◽  
Domenico Mariatmo
Keyword(s):  
Structural Reliability ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Thin Layers ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
Upheaval Buckling ◽  
Statistical Measures ◽  
Project Analysis ◽  
Scale Test ◽  
Subsea Pipelines

The Tangguh LNG subsea pipelines are susceptible to upheaval buckling (UHB), for which the primary mitigation was to trench and bury with quarried rock. To ensure a uniform level of reliability is achieved and also to optimise rock volumes, a full structural reliability analysis (SRA) was undertaken as an alternative to utilizing DNV-RP-F110. This paper summarises the analysis of full scale test results to evaluate uplift resistance, including the effects of thin layers of natural trench backfill, filter and armour rock layering. The testing also undertook enough tests to enable statistical measures of reliability to be found. The results of testing are compared with generic uplift models presented in DNV-RP-F110, with considerable improvements justified within well defined confidence intervals.

Impact of Water on the Fatigue Performance of Large-Scale Grouted Connection Tests

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Schaumann ◽  
Alexander Raba ◽  
Anne Bechtel
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Fatigue Tests ◽  
Fatigue Performance ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Research Project ◽  
Joint Research Project ◽  
Scale Test ◽  
The Impact

Grouted connections represent a common joining technique between substructure and foundation piles of offshore oil & gas platforms as well as of offshore wind turbines. Due to cyclic loads arising from wind and wave actions the fatigue performance of the connection has to be considered. In lattice substructures like jackets the grouted connections are located at seabed level being fully submerged during their entire lifetime. Today’s fatigue design regulations are based on investigations neglecting any influence of the surrounding water since they were conducted in dry ambient conditions. So far, only Germanischer Lloyd gives additional recommendations for submerged grouted connections. At the Institute for Steel Construction, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Germany investigations of the joint research project ‘GROWup’ focus on the fatigue performance of axially loaded grouted connections. The project is funded by the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi, funding sign: 0325290) and is the third project in a row dealing with grouted connections. As part of this research project, cyclic loading tests on small-scale and large-scale grouted connections with shear keys are conducted. Small-scale fatigue tests showed a reduced number of endurable load cycles for connections when tested in wet ambient conditions. However, the transferability of these findings to a larger scale was still doubtful due to unknown scale effects. Therefore, the impact of water on the fatigue performance was tested recently at large-scale grouted connections. Previous to the submerged large-scale grouted connection fatigue tests, similar test specimens were exposed to alternating loads at dry ambient conditions. Comparison of both large-scale test results under wet and dry conditions enable to estimate the influence of water on the fatigue performance of grouted connections. Reflection of the small-scale test results gives hints on the scale effect. Test preparation, test results and design recommendations are presented in the paper.

scholarly journals From Bench-scale Test Data To Predictors Of Full-scale Fire Test Results

2005 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 469-480 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Nam ◽  
J. De Ris ◽  
Peter Wu ◽  
R. Bill
Keyword(s):  
Test Data ◽  
Fire Test ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Bench Scale ◽  
Scale Test ◽  
Bench Scale Test

A Base Study to Investigate MASH Conservativeness of Occupant Risk Evaluation

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiara Silvestri Dobrovolny ◽  
Harika Reddy Prodduturu ◽  
Dusty R. Arrington ◽  
Nathan Schulz ◽  
Stefan Hurlebaus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Evaluation ◽  
Injury Risk ◽  
Evaluation Criteria ◽  
Oblique Impact ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Crash Test ◽  
Vehicle Interior ◽  
Impact Performance ◽  
Space Model ◽  
The Impact

The Manual for Assessing Safety Hardware (MASH) defines crash tests to assess the impact performance of highway safety features in frontal and oblique impact events. Within MASH, the risk of injury to the occupant is assessed based on a “flail-space” model that estimates the average deceleration that an unrestrained occupant would experience when contacting the vehicle interior in a MASH crash test and uses the parameter as a surrogate for injury risk. MASH occupant risk criteria, however, are considered conservative in their nature, due to the fact that they are based on unrestrained occupant accelerations. Therefore, there is potential for increasing the maximum limits dictated in MASH for occupant risk evaluation. A frontal full-scale vehicle impact was performed with inclusion of an instrumented anthropomorphic test device (ATD). The scope of this study was to investigate the performance of the Flail Space Model in a full scale crash test compared to the instrumented ATD recorded forces which can more accurately predict the occupant response during a collision event. Results obtained through this research will be considered for better correlation between vehicle accelerations and occupant injury. This becomes extremely important for designing and evaluating barrier systems that must fit within geometrical site constraints, which do not provide adequate length to redirect test vehicles according to MASH conservative evaluation criteria.

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