Flame-Retardant Characteristics of Natural Rubber Modified with a Bromo Derivative of Phosphorylated Cashew Nut Shell Liquid

1997 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.R.R. Menon
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Progressive Increase ◽  
Antimony Trioxide ◽  
Cashew Nut Shell Liquid ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Bromo Derivative ◽  
Cashew Nut ◽  
Cashew Nut Shell

Natural rubber (NR) in a typical semi-efficient vulcanization system was modified with flame-retardant additives such as bromo derivative of phosphorylated cashew nut shell liquid, antimony trioxide and alumina tri hydrate (ATH). Improvement in the flame retardancy of the vulcanizates was shown by the progressive increase in Limiting Oxygen Index with the concen tration of ATH. Besides, the smoke density and the smoke release rate were reduced substantially in the presence of 100 phr of ATH in the vulcanizate. Thermogravimetric analysis showed higher activation energy for decomposi tion and higher yields of decomposition residue for the ATH-filled NR vulcanizates. Also, the vulcanizate modified with the flame retardants showed improvements in tensile and tear strengths in presence of 50 phr of the filler.

Antioxidant activity of cashew-nut-shell liquid in black loaded natural rubber vulcanizates

Polymer ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.A. Rajapakse ◽  
W.A.S. Gunasena ◽  
K.B. Wijekoon ◽  
S. Korathota
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Cashew Nut Shell Liquid ◽  
Cashew Nut ◽  
Cashew Nut Shell ◽  
Natural Rubber Vulcanizates

The Effects of Halogen-Free Flame Retardant Additives in Epoxidized Natural Rubber (ENR)

2015 ◽  
Vol 1107 ◽  
pp. 131-136
Author(s):  
A.I.H.Dayang Habibah ◽  
Abd Rahim Ruhida
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Epoxidized Natural Rubber ◽  
Standard Type ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Flame Retardant Properties ◽  
Halogen Free

Legislation on fire safety requirements especially in the USA and UK has been the driving force behind the use of halogen-free flame retardants (FR) in recent years. The present study describes the effect of inorganic fillers, namely aluminium hydroxides (ATH) on epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) in order to increase its flame retardant capability. Two different types of ATH, a standard type Apyral 60 CD (ATH 60) and a submicron sized Apyral 200 SM (ATH 200) were used. The flame-retardant ENR composite was characterized by limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL-94V, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) to study the combustion behavior and thermal stability. The finer particles size (ATH 200) as expected produced better flame retardant properties (measured by LOI) compared to ATH 60; however, the difference between the values is marginal. It was also observed that a combination of 100 pphr ATH 200 and 60 pphr ATH 60 gave the highest LOI value (29.4%) in ENR compounds. The compound was V0 rated in UL-94V burn test. Even at the higher loading, it was also found that the compound exhibited lower viscosity indicating its easier processability.

Synthesis of cashew Mannich polyol via a three step continuous route and development of PU rigid foams with mechanical, thermal and fire studies

2015 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 533-544 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tejas S. Gandhi ◽  
Mayank R. Patel ◽  
Bharatkumar Z. Dholakiya
Keyword(s):  
Research Work ◽  
Renewable Resource ◽  
Cashew Nut Shell Liquid ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Meta Position ◽  
Cashew Nut ◽  
Carbon Side Chain ◽  
Cashew Nut Shell ◽  
Fire Properties ◽  
Immense Potential

Abstract Renewable, biodegradable, agricultural resources are gaining increasing attention of many researchers because of growing environmental awareness and their potential to replace petrochemical derivatives. Cardanol obtained from cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) is a renewable resource of immense potential. Cardanol, obtained as a byproduct of the cashew processing industry, is an important renewable resource and a unique phenolic compound carrying a 15-carbon side chain in the meta position, with varying degrees of unsaturation. The current research work describes the synthesis of new bio-based cashew Mannich polyols via the stepwise oxazolidine route and confirmed by spectral analysis. The foaming characteristics were studied and the polyols were successfully used in making rigid polyurethane (PU) foams with good mechanical, thermal and fire properties. The foams were characterized for density, flexural strength, morphology and limiting oxygen index (LOI) properties.

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