Synthesis of cashew Mannich polyol via a three step continuous route and development of PU rigid foams with mechanical, thermal and fire studies

2015 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 533-544 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tejas S. Gandhi ◽  
Mayank R. Patel ◽  
Bharatkumar Z. Dholakiya
Keyword(s):  
Research Work ◽  
Renewable Resource ◽  
Cashew Nut Shell Liquid ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Meta Position ◽  
Cashew Nut ◽  
Carbon Side Chain ◽  
Cashew Nut Shell ◽  
Fire Properties ◽  
Immense Potential

Abstract Renewable, biodegradable, agricultural resources are gaining increasing attention of many researchers because of growing environmental awareness and their potential to replace petrochemical derivatives. Cardanol obtained from cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) is a renewable resource of immense potential. Cardanol, obtained as a byproduct of the cashew processing industry, is an important renewable resource and a unique phenolic compound carrying a 15-carbon side chain in the meta position, with varying degrees of unsaturation. The current research work describes the synthesis of new bio-based cashew Mannich polyols via the stepwise oxazolidine route and confirmed by spectral analysis. The foaming characteristics were studied and the polyols were successfully used in making rigid polyurethane (PU) foams with good mechanical, thermal and fire properties. The foams were characterized for density, flexural strength, morphology and limiting oxygen index (LOI) properties.

scholarly journals Influence of Epoxidized Cardanol Functionality and Reactivity on Network Formation and Properties

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 1956
Author(s):  
Emre Kinaci ◽  
Erde Can ◽  
John Scala ◽  
Giuseppe Palmese
Keyword(s):  
Network Formation ◽  
Glycidyl Ether ◽  
Renewable Resource ◽  
Diglycidyl Ether ◽  
Side Chain ◽  
Cashew Nut Shell Liquid ◽  
Meta Position ◽  
Cashew Nut ◽  
Link Density ◽  
Cashew Nut Shell

Cardanol is a renewable resource based on cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL), which consists of a phenol ring with a C15 long aliphatic side chain in the meta position with varying degrees of unsaturation. Cardanol glycidyl ether was chemically modified to form side-chain epoxidized cardanol glycidyl ether (SCECGE) with an average epoxy functionality of 2.45 per molecule and was cured with petroleum-based epoxy hardeners, 4-4′-methylenebis(cyclohexanamine) and diethylenetriamine, and a cardanol-based amine hardener. For comparison, cardanol-based diphenol diepoxy resin, NC514 (Cardolite), and a petroleum-based epoxy resin, diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A (DGEBA) were also evaluated. Chemical and thermomechanical analyses showed that for SCECGE resins, incomplete cure of the secondary epoxides led to reduced cross-link density, reduced thermal stability, and reduced elongation at break when compared with difunctional resins containing only primary epoxides. However, because of functionality greater than two, amine-cured SCECGE produced a Tg very similar to that of NC514 and thus could be useful in formulating epoxy with renewable cardanol content.

Flame-Retardant Characteristics of Natural Rubber Modified with a Bromo Derivative of Phosphorylated Cashew Nut Shell Liquid

1997 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.R.R. Menon
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Progressive Increase ◽  
Antimony Trioxide ◽  
Cashew Nut Shell Liquid ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Bromo Derivative ◽  
Cashew Nut ◽  
Cashew Nut Shell

Natural rubber (NR) in a typical semi-efficient vulcanization system was modified with flame-retardant additives such as bromo derivative of phosphorylated cashew nut shell liquid, antimony trioxide and alumina tri hydrate (ATH). Improvement in the flame retardancy of the vulcanizates was shown by the progressive increase in Limiting Oxygen Index with the concen tration of ATH. Besides, the smoke density and the smoke release rate were reduced substantially in the presence of 100 phr of ATH in the vulcanizate. Thermogravimetric analysis showed higher activation energy for decomposi tion and higher yields of decomposition residue for the ATH-filled NR vulcanizates. Also, the vulcanizate modified with the flame retardants showed improvements in tensile and tear strengths in presence of 50 phr of the filler.

Effect of Phenol-CNSL Formaldehyde Copolymer on Thermal Ageing of NBR

2005 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 201-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Mary Lubi ◽  
Eby Thomas Thachil
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Phenol Formaldehyde ◽  
Renewable Resource ◽  
Thermal Ageing ◽  
Cashew Nut Shell Liquid ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Tear Strength ◽  
Cashew Nut ◽  
Aging Properties ◽  
Cashew Nut Shell

Cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) is a cheap agro-by-product and renewable resource which consists mainly of substituted phenols. A CNSL based resin was used in this study to modify the aging properties of butadiene-acrylonitrile rubber (NBR). The resin was a copolymer obtained by condensing a mixture of phenol and CNSL with hexamethylene tetramine. The effect of the resin on the ageing of NBR vulcanizates was studied by following changes in tensile strength, elongation at break, modulus and tear strength. Resins with different phenol/formaldehyde ratios and CNSL/phenol ratios were incorporated into NBR and the physical properties determined. Comparison of the properties of the aged material containing the CNSL resin with those of specimens not containing the resin show improved ageing characteristics with respect to tensile strength, modulus and tear strength.

From cashew nut shell wastes to high value chemicals

2016 ◽  
Vol 88 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 17-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Egid B. Mubofu
Keyword(s):  
Viscous Liquid ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Functional Materials ◽  
Renewable Resource ◽  
Anacardic Acid ◽  
Cashew Nut Shell Liquid ◽  
Templating Agent ◽  
Cashew Nut ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Cashew Nut Shell

AbstractThe amount of waste generated in cashew nut processing factories has caused serious problems for a long time. However, this situation is about to change because they are being turned into an opportunity by a variety of bio-based chemicals. Todate, cashew nut shells (CNS) have proven to be among the most versatile renewable resource as they produce cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL). CNSL which is a dark reddish brown viscous liquid (ca. 30–35 wt%) is extracted from the soft honeycomb of the CNS. The shells have been regarded as a by-product of the cashew industry though now it is a cheaper source of natural unsaturated phenols. CNSL offers a multitude of interesting possibilities for the synthesis of speciality chemicals, high value products and polymers. Our recent research efforts have demonstrated that its constituents can be transformed into diverse functional chemicals. This paper reports some key results on how cashew nut shells (an agro waste from cashew nut processing factories) have been employed to produce several functional materials and chemicals. The materials that are highlighted include the synthesis of 3-propylphenol from cardanol and anacardic acid, some polymers prepared from CNSL components, heterogeneous catalysts prepared using CNSL as a templating agent and anacardic acid capped chalcogenide nanoparticles.

Particleboard from Cashew Nut Shell Liquid

2007 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lubi C. Mary ◽  
Eby Thomas Thachil
Keyword(s):  
Cashew Nut Shell Liquid ◽  
Cashew Nut ◽  
Cashew Nut Shell

Rheological studies of SBS/EVA blends modified with bio-based cashew nut shell liquid

2021 ◽  
pp. 009524432199040
Author(s):  
Isabela Pinto Ferreira ◽  
Alex da Silva Sirqueira ◽  
Taiane Andre dos Santos ◽  
Monica Feijo Naccache ◽  
Bluma Guenther Soares
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Vinyl Acetate ◽  
Rheological Parameters ◽  
Creep Recovery ◽  
Cashew Nut Shell Liquid ◽  
Cashew Nut ◽  
Curve Fit ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Cashew Nut Shell ◽  
S Model ◽  
Styrene Butadiene

Research on bio-plasticizers is a topic of strategic interest in polymer blends. A bio-plasticizer, cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL), was studied in blends of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and styrene-butadiene-styrene copolymer (SBS). In the literature does not report the addition of plasticizers to SBS/EVA blend. Statistical analyses showed that there was a significant difference in mechanical properties (tension at break, hardness and elongation at break) vs. the unplasticized blend. The minimum CNSL concentration required for a statistical difference was 10 phr. The Carreau-Yasuda rheological model was used to obtain rheological parameters in these blends. The plasticizing influence of CNSL was confirmed by rheology. The effects of CNSL on creep and recovery were evaluated for the SBS/EBA blends. Burger´s model explained well SBS/EVA creep compliance. Moreover, its parameters (Newtonian dashpots and Hookean springs) were evaluated as a function of the CNSL concentrations. The bio-plasticizer concentration influenced significant correlations among the rheological creep-recovery tests, thus enabling a considerable increase in the elastic phase. Experimental creep-recovery data and curve fit were in good agreement.

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