Why are so few Africans at work in Ireland? Immigration policy and labour market disadvantage

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 273-295
Author(s):  
Philip J O’Connell
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Asylum Seekers ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
Risk Variable ◽  
Working Age ◽  
African Group ◽  
Risk Of Exposure ◽  
Labour Market Outcomes

This paper explores why African immigrants have poor labour market outcomes in Ireland, with very low employment and exceptionally high unemployment rates. The analysis draws on the 2011 Census to examine outcomes for different groups of immigrants. Controlling for individual characteristics suggests that the labour market disadvantages suffered by Africans cannot be attributed to compositional differences: Africans in Ireland are a relatively well-educated group concentrated in the prime working-age groups. The paper investigates an alternative explanation that suggests that the African disadvantage may be due to the policy of excluding asylum seekers from the labour market. I create a novel measure of the risk of exposure to the Irish asylum system by expressing the number of asylum seekers in years prior to the 2011 Census as a proportion of the Irish-resident population from each country. This asylum risk variable is found to influence labour market outcomes, reducing employment and increasing unemployment chances. Moreover, its inclusion in the models also reduces the effects of African group membership. Even controlling for individual characteristics and risk of exposure to the asylum system, there remains a substantial residual African disadvantage in both employment and unemployment, which may be due to discriminatory practices by employers.

Does obesity influence labour market outcomes among working-age adults? Evidence from Canadian longitudinal data

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 26-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samantha L. Larose ◽  
Koffi A. Kpelitse ◽  
M. Karen Campbell ◽  
Gregory S. Zaric ◽  
Sisira Sarma
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Data ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
Working Age ◽  
Labour Market Outcomes

scholarly journals Impacts of Employment Rates (Demand) and Participation Rates (Supply) on Unemployment Rates: A Disaggregated Analysis

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ram SriRamaratnam ◽  
Xintao Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Work Force ◽  
Market Dynamics ◽  
Participation Rates ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
Unemployment Rates ◽  
Age Cohorts ◽  
Working Age ◽  
Labour Market Outcomes ◽  
Working Age Population

The interaction between the different macro labour market drivers and their influence on key labour market outcomes is of considerable interest to labour market analysts as well as policy makers. One of these relationships is between employment growth (or labour demand) and the associated reduction in the unemployment rate. This relationship is often determined by other labour market indicators, such as participation rates (or labour supply), and the working age population (amongst other factors). This paper reports on an integrated macro labour market forecasting framework developed by the Labour Group of MBIE, disaggregated into 11 five-yearly age cohorts across the working age population. The labour market dynamics during business cycles are affected by the ageing of the work force in New Zealand. This has varied consequences on labour market outcomes for different age cohorts, especially those at each end of the age spectrum. Forecasting likely future unemployment rates by age cohort level is of considerable interest, and will provide further insights into labour market dynamics. In addition to those in the prime age cohorts, other cohorts of interest include new entrants into the working age population; those age cohorts potentially involved in training; and those in the pre-retirement age cohorts.

scholarly journals Lift the Ban? Initial Employment Restrictions and Refugee Labour Market Outcomes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Fasani ◽  
Tommaso Frattini ◽  
Luigi Minale
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Instrumental Variable ◽  
Asylum Seekers ◽  
Temporary Employment ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
Output Loss ◽  
Labour Market Participation ◽  
Labour Market Outcomes

Abstract This article investigates the medium to long-term effects on refugee labour market outcomes of the temporary employment bans being imposed on asylum seekers in many countries. Using a newly collected dataset on employment restrictions together with individual data for refugees entering European countries between 1985 and 2012, our empirical strategy exploits the geographical and temporal variation in employment bans generated by their staggered introduction and removal coupled with frequent changes at the intensive margin. We find that exposure to a ban at arrival reduces refugee employment probability in post-ban years by 15%, an impact driven primarily by lower labour market participation. These effects are not mechanical, increase non-linearly in ban length and last up to 10 years post arrival. The detrimental effects of employment bans are concentrated among less educated refugees, translate into lower occupational quality, and seem not to be driven by selective migration. Our causal estimates are robust to several identification tests accounting for the potential endogeneity of employment ban policies, including placebo analysis of non-refugee migrants and an instrumental variable strategy. We estimate a EUR 37.6 billion output loss from the bans imposed on asylum seekers who arrived in Europe during the so-called 2015 refugee crisis.

Exploring gender digital divide and its effect on women's labour market outcomes in South Africa

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 85-108
Author(s):  
Kehinde Oluwaseun Omotoso ◽  
Jimi Adesina ◽  
Ololade G. Adewole
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Married Women ◽  
Internet Usage ◽  
Market Participation ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
Broadband Internet ◽  
Variable Approach ◽  
Labour Market Participation ◽  
Labour Market Outcomes

Technology plays a significant role in bridging gender gap in labour market outcomes. This paper investigates gender differential in broadband Internet usage and its effects on women‘s labour market participation. Employing an instrumental variable approach, findings suggest that exogenously determined high-speed broadband internet usage leads to increases of about 14.1 and 10.6 percentage points in labour market participation for single women and married women with some level of education, respectively. Moreover, further analyses suggest that married women are generally less likely to use the Internet to search for job opportunities and this could partly explains their low labour market participation rate. The findings suggest that more policy effort is required to bridge gender differentials in digital technologies and employment opportunities in South Africa.

Labour Market Returns to Graduates’ International Experience: Exploring Cross-Country Variation in Europe

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 491-505 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marita Jacob ◽  
Michael Kühhirt ◽  
Margarida Rodrigues
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Intercultural Competence ◽  
International Experience ◽  
Market Returns ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
Studying Abroad ◽  
Early Labour ◽  
Labour Market Outcomes ◽  
Graduate Unemployment ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe potential benefits of increased international experience abound, ranging from enriching cultural understanding to an improvement of language skills and intercultural competence. At the same time, empirical evidence is mixed, particularly with regards to how well international experience translates into individual returns on the labour market. This article examines the association between studying abroad and early labour market outcomes in a comparative perspective aiming to shed light on why labour market returns differ across countries. We expect labour market returns to vary with specific country characteristics such as demand for international experience and competition among graduates at labour market entry. In our empirical analyses, we use data from 13 European countries that provide information on graduates’ early labour market outcomes. We find a large variation in the impact of studying abroad on both wages and attaining a higher service class position. Generally, the labour market returns to international experience are larger in countries in Eastern and Southern Europe with poorer university quality, higher graduate unemployment, and fewer students abroad.

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