scholarly journals Impacts of Employment Rates (Demand) and Participation Rates (Supply) on Unemployment Rates: A Disaggregated Analysis

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ram SriRamaratnam ◽  
Xintao Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Work Force ◽  
Market Dynamics ◽  
Participation Rates ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
Unemployment Rates ◽  
Age Cohorts ◽  
Working Age ◽  
Labour Market Outcomes ◽  
Working Age Population

The interaction between the different macro labour market drivers and their influence on key labour market outcomes is of considerable interest to labour market analysts as well as policy makers. One of these relationships is between employment growth (or labour demand) and the associated reduction in the unemployment rate. This relationship is often determined by other labour market indicators, such as participation rates (or labour supply), and the working age population (amongst other factors). This paper reports on an integrated macro labour market forecasting framework developed by the Labour Group of MBIE, disaggregated into 11 five-yearly age cohorts across the working age population. The labour market dynamics during business cycles are affected by the ageing of the work force in New Zealand. This has varied consequences on labour market outcomes for different age cohorts, especially those at each end of the age spectrum. Forecasting likely future unemployment rates by age cohort level is of considerable interest, and will provide further insights into labour market dynamics. In addition to those in the prime age cohorts, other cohorts of interest include new entrants into the working age population; those age cohorts potentially involved in training; and those in the pre-retirement age cohorts.

scholarly journals Ageing Of The Workforce: Effects On The Labour Market With Participation And Retirement

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ram SriRamaratnam ◽  
Julian Williams ◽  
Xintao Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Older Workers ◽  
Baby Boom ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Work Force ◽  
Population Projections ◽  
Occupational Groups ◽  
Job Openings ◽  
Working Age ◽  
Working Age Population

Ageing of the work force in New Zealand is an important determinant of labour market dynamics. In addition to the median age and the proportion of workers in retirement age, the nature of occupations and health and financial security are also important determinants of participation and retirement.The baby boom generation has approached their retirement years and the age structure of the working age population has also significantly altered. Consequently, the retirement of older workers is expected to make-up an important source of new job openings over the coming decades.Estimating and forecasting likely future retirement rates by occupational groups is of considerable interest, and provides further insights into labour market dynamics.In this study, recent historical retirement rates for broad (3-digit) ANZSCO occupational groups were derived using an internationally accepted methodology known as the cohort component method, adapted to allow for some participation by older age groups. Occupational employment data by age extracted from the recently released 2013 Census was analysed along with the corresponding data from the 2006 Census to estimate the average retirement rates over the 2006-13 period. These rates are then used to project future retirement rates over the 2013-20 period for the same broad occupational groups. Projections were based on the Working Age Population projections for age groups and their associated participation rates.

Does accessibility matter? Understanding the effect of job accessibility on labour market outcomes

Urban Studies ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jangik Jin ◽  
Kurt Paulsen
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
Job Accessibility ◽  
Unemployment Rates ◽  
Chicago Metropolitan Area ◽  
Labour Market Outcomes

In this study, we examine the effect of access to employment opportunities on labour market outcomes, especially focusing on unemployment rates and household income in the Chicago metropolitan area during 2000–2010. Using accessibility measures derived from detailed employment data, we calculate job accessibility by race and income. In order to deal with the endogeneity problem, we employ instrumental variables with a generalised spatial two-stage least square (GS2SLS) model with fixed-effects. Our findings suggest that job accessibility plays a significant role in explaining unemployment rates and household income. Consistent with Kain’s spatial mismatch hypothesis, increases in job accessibility for African Americans lead to decreases in unemployment. Results also show that increased job accessibility for low-income households not only reduce unemployment but also improve household income.

Why are so few Africans at work in Ireland? Immigration policy and labour market disadvantage

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 273-295
Author(s):  
Philip J O’Connell
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Asylum Seekers ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
Risk Variable ◽  
Working Age ◽  
African Group ◽  
Risk Of Exposure ◽  
Labour Market Outcomes

This paper explores why African immigrants have poor labour market outcomes in Ireland, with very low employment and exceptionally high unemployment rates. The analysis draws on the 2011 Census to examine outcomes for different groups of immigrants. Controlling for individual characteristics suggests that the labour market disadvantages suffered by Africans cannot be attributed to compositional differences: Africans in Ireland are a relatively well-educated group concentrated in the prime working-age groups. The paper investigates an alternative explanation that suggests that the African disadvantage may be due to the policy of excluding asylum seekers from the labour market. I create a novel measure of the risk of exposure to the Irish asylum system by expressing the number of asylum seekers in years prior to the 2011 Census as a proportion of the Irish-resident population from each country. This asylum risk variable is found to influence labour market outcomes, reducing employment and increasing unemployment chances. Moreover, its inclusion in the models also reduces the effects of African group membership. Even controlling for individual characteristics and risk of exposure to the asylum system, there remains a substantial residual African disadvantage in both employment and unemployment, which may be due to discriminatory practices by employers.

Does obesity influence labour market outcomes among working-age adults? Evidence from Canadian longitudinal data

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 26-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samantha L. Larose ◽  
Koffi A. Kpelitse ◽  
M. Karen Campbell ◽  
Gregory S. Zaric ◽  
Sisira Sarma
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Data ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
Working Age ◽  
Labour Market Outcomes

scholarly journals The Economic Progress of Maori Men 1986-1996

1970 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rainer Winkelmann
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Increasing Returns ◽  
Logit Models ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
Unemployment Rates ◽  
Economic Progress ◽  
Multinomial Logit Models ◽  
Record Data ◽  
Returns To Skills ◽  
Labour Market Outcomes

Data for the Census years 1986, 1991 and 1996 show that Maori/non-Maori differences in employment and unemployment rates increased over the ten-year period. In search for a possible explanation, multinomial log it models are estimated with unit record data in order to control for changes in socio-economic and demographic factors such as age, qualification, and family and parental situation. The analysis shows that the Maori/non-Maori differences in employment (unemployment) that are explained by the multinomial logit models decreased from 51% (43%) in 1986 to 38% (34%) in 1996. Two potential contributors for declining relative labour market outcomes of Maori men are identified: increasing returns to skills and changes in the sectorial composition of the workforce.

Exploring gender digital divide and its effect on women's labour market outcomes in South Africa

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 85-108
Author(s):  
Kehinde Oluwaseun Omotoso ◽  
Jimi Adesina ◽  
Ololade G. Adewole
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Married Women ◽  
Internet Usage ◽  
Market Participation ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
Broadband Internet ◽  
Variable Approach ◽  
Labour Market Participation ◽  
Labour Market Outcomes

Technology plays a significant role in bridging gender gap in labour market outcomes. This paper investigates gender differential in broadband Internet usage and its effects on women‘s labour market participation. Employing an instrumental variable approach, findings suggest that exogenously determined high-speed broadband internet usage leads to increases of about 14.1 and 10.6 percentage points in labour market participation for single women and married women with some level of education, respectively. Moreover, further analyses suggest that married women are generally less likely to use the Internet to search for job opportunities and this could partly explains their low labour market participation rate. The findings suggest that more policy effort is required to bridge gender differentials in digital technologies and employment opportunities in South Africa.

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