Four out of ten married women utilized modern contraceptive method in Ethiopia: A Multilevel analysis of the 2019 Ethiopia mini demographic and health survey

Background Modern contraceptive method is a product or medical procedure that interferes with reproduction from acts of sexual intercourse. Globally in 2019, 44% of women of reproductive age were using a modern method of contraception but it was 29% in sub-Saharan Africa. Therefore, the main aim of this analysis was to assess the prevalence of modern contraceptive utilization and associated factors among married women in Ethiopia. Method The current study used the 2019 Ethiopia mini demographic and health survey dataset. Both descriptive and multilevel mixed-effect logistic regression analysis were done using STATA version 14. A p-value of less than 0.05 and an adjusted odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval were used to report statistically significant factors with modern contraceptive utilization. Result The overall modern contraceptive utilization among married women in Ethiopia was 38.7% (95% CI: 37.3% to 40.0%). Among the modern contraceptive methods, injectables were the most widely utilized modern contraceptive method (22.82%) followed by implants (9.65%) and pills (2.71%). Maternal age, educational level, wealth index, number of living children, number of births in the last three years, number of under 5 children in the household, religion, and geographic region were independent predictors of modern contraceptive utilization. Conclusion In the current study only four out of ten married non-pregnant women of reproductive age utilized modern contraceptive methods. Furthermore, the study has identified both individual and community-level factors that can affect the utilization of modern contraceptive methods by married women in the country. Therefore, concerned bodies need to improve access to reproductive health services, empower women through community-based approaches, and minimize region wise discrepancy to optimize the utilization.

The Effectiveness of Training Bowen's Family Therapy Approach on Marital Satisfaction of Married Women in the Aligodarz of City (In the West of Iran), in 2019

Introduction: Marital satisfaction is one of the most important signs of a favorable relationship between couples. This research aimed to survey the effectiveness of training using Bowen's family therapy approach on marital satisfaction of married women in the city of Aligodarz (In the west of Iran). Method: This study was a quasiexperi mental study using a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population consisted of counseling applicant married women in the city of Aligodarz in 2019. By convenience sampling, 30 married women were selected and participated in this study. After recording the subjects' scores in the pre-test stage, the experimental group was exposed to the intervention (training course), but no operations were performed on the control group. Data gathering was carried out using a demographic questionnaire and ENRICH marital satisfaction scale. Frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation indices were used to describe and Chi-square test was used to examine the homogeneity of the two groups in terms of study variables and multivariate analysis of covariance were performed in SPSS 24 software with a significancel level of 5%. Results: Descriptive findings showed that the mean (standard deviation) of the total score of the marital satisfaction variable in the pre-test and post-test stages was 131.60 (26.89) and 142.81 (25.24) in the experimental group and 132.66 (24.09) and 132.26 (21.92) in the control group, respectively. The inferential findings showed that Bowen's family therapy approach has a significant effect on some of the dimensions of marital satisfaction (religious orientation, equality of women and men, children and parenting, sexual relation, financial management, conflict resolution, and marital satisfaction) (p< 0.05). On the other hand, this approach was not practical in improving other aspects of marital satisfaction (relationship with family and friends, leisure time, marital relationship, personality issues, and contractual responses) (p> 0.05). Conclusion: The present study results showed an increase in marital satisfaction of married women using the Bowen family therapy approach. Therefore, it is recommended to use Bowen's family therapy approach to improve women's marital satisfaction with family problems.

Association of Late Marriage and Low Childbirth with Cervical Cancer Screening among Korean Women: Results from a Nationwide Survey

This study aimed to identify the association of marriage and childbirth with the adherence to cervical cancer screening among young adult women. Data across four years (2017–2020) of the cross-sectional Korean National Cancer Screening Survey were used. For measuring the adherence to cervical cancer screening, we used the cervical cancer screening rate with recommendation, which was defined as the percentage of women in the population eligible for screening who have had a cervical cancer screening within the past two years. Multiple logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify the association between marriage and adherence to cervical cancer screening. Overall, 3925 women aged 20–39 years were analyzed. Of these, 39.1% were screened for cervical cancer (26.6% unmarried and 57.1% married women). The married women had significantly higher adherence to cervical cancer screening than unmarried women (adjusted odds ratio = 2.80, 95% CI: 2.99–3.44). Compared with unmarried women, adherence to cervical cancer screening was significantly more likely to increase (p for trend, <0.001) in married women with an increased number of births. Our study confirmed that marriage and childbirth influence adherence to cervical cancer screening, suggesting that unmarried women may be vulnerable to cervical cancer.

Does China’s Fertility Policy Induce Employment Discrimination Against Women? Evidence from a Nationwide Correspondence Experiment

We apply a two-wave nationwide correspondence experiment to assess the effects of the two-child and three-child policies in China. Using 13,751 observations collected through this experiment, we find that the announcement of the two-child policy led to a 4.9% decrease in total interview callbacks overall, and decreases of 4.3%, 5.7%, and 5.6% for single women, those married with no children, and those married with one child, respectively. The implementation of the three-child policy led to a 10.4% decrease, but only for married women with two children. The discrimination broadly affected all women, whether they disclose marriage and fertility status information or not, as we find their callback rates decreased by 4.5% under the universal two-child policy and 6.6% after the three-child policy.

One in ten Women who visited Health Facilities for various Reason have Pelvic Organ Prolapse in Harari Regional State, Eastern Ethiopia

Background: Pelvic organ prolapse remains neglected a public health problem in developing countries. The burden of pelvic organ prolapse varies by region and ranges from 9% to 20%. It poses an impact on women’s quality of life, and affect their role at community and family level. Although it has negative consequences and extensive burden, the true feature of pelvic organ prolapse is not well known among ever-married women attending health facility for various reason in the study area. Therefore, this study was aimed to assess the magnitude of pelvic organ prolapse and associated factors among ever-married women attending healthcare services in public Hospitals, Eastern Ethiopia.Methods: A facility based cross-sectional study design was conducted from March 4th to April 5th, 2020 among 458 ever-married women attending public Hospitals in Ethiopia. The study participants were approached through face-to-face interview using standardized questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 22 (IBM SPSS Statistics, 2013). The prevalence was reported by proportion and summary measures. Predictors were assessed using multivariable logistic regression analysis model and reported using adjusted odds ratio with 95% CI. Statistical significance was declared at p-value <0.05.Result: Of 458 women enrolled in the study, 10.5% [95%CI (7.6, 13.5)] of them had pelvic organ prolapse based on women’s reporting of symptoms. History of lifting heavy objects [AOR=3.22, 95%CI (1.56, 6.67)], history of chronic cough [AOR=2.51, 95%CI (1.18, 5.31)], maternal age of greater than and equal to 55 years [AOR=3.51, 95% CI(1.04, 11.76)], history chronic constipation (AOR=3.77, 95%CI(1.54, 9.22) and no history of contraceptive utilization [AOR= 2.41, 95%CI (1.13, 5.05)] were significantly associated with pelvic organ prolapse.Conclusion: In this study, one in ten women suffer from pelvic organ prolapse. Modifiable and non-modifiable risk factor were identified as a predictor. This result provides a cue to give due consideration on primary and secondary prevention through various techniques.

Women's empowerment and fertility preferences of married women: analysis of demographic and health survey’2016 in Timor-Leste

<abstract> <p>A recently independent state, Timor-Leste, is progressing towards socioeconomic development, prioritizing women empowerment while its increased fertility rate (4.1) could hinder the growth due to an uncontrolled population. Currently, limited evidence shows that indicators of women's empowerment are associated with fertility preferences and rates. The objective of this study was to assess the association between women empowerment and fertility preferences of married women aged 15 to 49 years in Timor-Leste using nationally representative survey data. The study was conducted using the data of the latest Timor-Leste Demographic and Health Survey 2016. The study included 4040 rural residents and 1810 urban residents of Timor-Leste. Multinomial logistic regression has been performed to assess the strength of association between the exposures indicating women's empowerment and outcome (fertility preference). After adjusting the selected covariates, the findings showed that exposures that indicate women empowerment in DHS, namely, the employment status of women, house and land ownership, ownership of the mobile phone, and independent bank account status, contraceptive use, and the attitude of women towards negotiating sexual relations are significantly associated with fertility preferences. The study shows higher the level of education, the less likely were the women to want more children, and unemployed women were with a higher number of children. Our study also found that the attitude of violence of spouses significantly influenced women's reproductive choice. However, employment had no significant correlation with decision-making opportunities and contraceptive selection due to a lack of substantial data. Also, no meaningful data was available regarding decision-making and fertility preferences. Our findings suggest that women's empowerment governs decision-making in fertility preferences, causing a decline in the fertility rate.</p> </abstract>

Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Family Planning Among the Currently Married Women of Reproductive Age of Shivasatakshi Municipality Jhapa District, Nepal

This study examines the Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Family Planning among the Currently Married Women of Reproductive Age (15-49 Years); a case study of Shivasatakshi Municipaity Jhapa district is based on primary data successfully collected from sample survey, covering 100 sample respondents` from 100 sample households. The main objective of the study is to fine out the knowledge, attitude and practice of family planning methods among currently married women of reproductive age group (15-49 years) and the specific objective of the study are to study the socio-economic and demographic determinants of currently use of family planning method and to identify the reason the reason for use and non-use of family planning. Out of 100 sample respondents 83 percent women are literate and 17 percent are illiterate. The major occupations of the respondents are agriculture and services. Among currently married women, 99 percent of respondents are found to be familiar with at least one family planning method. Out of total respondents, 91 percents are ever uses and 92 percent are currently using family planning methods. There is strongly positive relationship existed between use of family planning method and socio-economic and demographic variables like educational status of women and number pf living children. Easily accessible and no side effect are main reasons for using family planning method. Desire for and husband and family’s disagreement are most important reason for not using family planning method.