scholarly journals Morphologic and Immunoperoxidase Study of Neurologic Lesions in Naturally Acquired Rabies of Raccoons

1992 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 369-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. N. Hamir ◽  
G. Moser ◽  
C. E. Rupprecht
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Brain Stem ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Cervical Spinal Cord ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Antibody Test ◽  
Immunoperoxidase Method ◽  
Spinal Cord Regions ◽  
Trigeminal Nerves ◽  
The Brain

Histopathologic (hematoxylin and eosin [HE]) and immunoperoxidase (streptavidin-biotin complex) methods were used for examination of formalin-fixed tissues of rabid raccoons from an enzootic area of Pennsylvania. Extensive morphologic lesions of rabies encephalitis were present in the cerebrum and the brain stem regions. Negri bodies were detected by both methods and were present in the brain (cerebral cortex, hippocampus, brain stem, cerebellum, and cervical spinal cord) and in the ganglia of the trigeminal nerves. The viral inclusions were also seen in ganglion cells in the tongue, parotid salivary glands, pancreas, intestines, and adrenal glands. These sites were not associated with any inflammatory cellular infiltrate. The immunoperoxidase method was superior to HE for the detection of Negri bodies. Because lesions of rabies encephalitis were consistently observed in the cerebrum, brain stem, and cervical spinal cord regions, these areas of the brain should be included when raccoons are examined by the fluorescent antibody test for rabies.

Cervical spinal cord in experimental hydrocephalus

1972 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 538-542 ◽  
Author(s):  
George J. Dohrmann
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Brain Stem ◽  
Cervical Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Canal ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Experimental Hydrocephalus ◽  
Physiological Pressure ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Shunting Procedure ◽  
Fine Print

✓ Adult dogs were rendered hydrocephalic by the injection of kaolin into the cisterna magna. One group of dogs was sacrificed 1 month after kaolin administration, and ventriculojugular shunts were performed on the other group. Hydrocephalic dogs with shunts were sacrificed 1 day or 1 week after the shunting procedure. All dogs were perfused with formalin at physiological pressure, and the brain stem and cervical spinal cord were examined by light microscopy. Subarachnoid granulomata encompassed the superior cervical spinal cord and dependent surface of the brain stem. Rarefaction of the posterior white columns and clefts or cavities involving the gray matter posterior to the central canal and/or posterior white columns were present in the spinal cords of both hydrocephalic and shunted hydrocephalic dogs. Predominantly in the dogs with shunts, hemorrhages were noted in the spinal cord in association with the clefts or cavities. A mechanism of ischemia followed by reflow of blood is postulated to explain the hemorrhages in the spinal cords of hydrocephalic dogs with shunts.

Intraoperative SEP monitoring in neurosurgery around the brain stem and cervical spinal cord: differential recording of subcortical components

1994 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wolfgang Wagner ◽  
Lydia Peghini-Halbig ◽  
Johannes C. Mäurer ◽  
Axel Perneczky
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Brain Stem ◽  
Cervical Spinal Cord ◽  
False Negative ◽  
False Negative Rate ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Negative Rate ◽  
Neurosurgical Patients ◽  
The Brain

✓ The results of intraoperative monitoring of median nerve somatosensory evoked potentials (SEP's) were evaluated in 75 neurosurgical patients in order to assess the role of differential derivation of brain stem (P14) and spinal cord (N13) wave activity. These components were compared with the conventionally recorded neck potential (“N13”) that reflects overlap of P14 and N13. The spinal cord N13 wave was recorded from the posterior to anterior lower aspect of the neck and the brain stem P14 wave from the midfrontal scalp to the nasopharynx; both derivations enabled isolated low-artifact recording of these components. In 18.7% of patients, moderate to major latency and/or amplitude shifts of N13 or P14 were found that were masked in conventional neck-scalp recordings of “N13”. There was a 6.7% false-negative rate in this series. Using a neck-scalp derivation alone, a 14.7% false-negative rate would have resulted and an isolated worsening of the P14 component (with stable neck potential) in six cases would have been overlooked. It is concluded that the proposed SEP recording technique allows independent assessment of spinal cord and brain stem activity. It is, therefore, superior to the conventional neck-scalp derivation technique, in which important information may be concealed or even lost due to the overlap of the brain stem P14 and spinal cord N13 potentials.

scholarly journals A case of isolated sigmoid sinus dural arteriorvenous fistula showing high intensity areas on T2 weighted image in the brain stem, cerebellum, and cervical spinal cord

2008 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 217-221
Author(s):  
Kousuke OHSHIMA ◽  
Tomoaki TERADA ◽  
Shinji OOKUBO ◽  
Takami HIYAMA ◽  
Hiroo KOBAYASHI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Brain Stem ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Cervical Spinal Cord ◽  
Sigmoid Sinus ◽  
Weighted Image ◽  
The Brain

Development and characterization of pathways descending to the spinal cord in the embryonic chick

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 1223-1233 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. N. Sholomenko ◽  
M. J. O'Donovan
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Motor Activity ◽  
Brain Stem ◽  
Reticular Formation ◽  
Cervical Spinal Cord ◽  
Embryonic Chick ◽  
Medullary Reticular Formation ◽  
Lumbosacral Spinal Cord ◽  
The Brain

1. We used an isolated preparation of the embryonic chick brain stem and spinal cord to examine the origin, trajectory, and effects of descending supraspinal pathways on lumbosacral motor activity. The in vitro preparation remained viable for < or 24 h and was sufficiently stable for electrophysiological, pharmacological, and neuroanatomic examination. In this preparation, as in the isolated spinal cord, spontaneous episodes of both forelimb and hindlimb motor activity occur in the absence of phasic afferent input. Motor activity can also be evoked by brain stem electrical stimulation or modulated by the introduction of neurochemicals to the independently perfused brain stem. 2. At embryonic day (E)6, lumbosacral motor activity could be evoked by brain stem electrical stimulation. At E5, neither brain stem nor spinal cord stimulation evoked activity in the lumbosacral spinal cord, although motoneurons did express spontaneous activity. 3. Lesion and electrophysiological studies indicated that axons traveling in the ventral cord mediated the activation of lumbosacral networks by brain stem stimulation. 4. Partition of the preparation into three separately perfused baths, using a zero-Ca2+ middle bath that encompassed the cervical spinal cord, demonstrated that the brain stem activation of spinal networks could be mediated by long-axoned pathways connecting the brain stem and lumbosacral spinal cord. 5. Using retrograde tracing from the spinal cord combined with brain stem stimulation, we found that the brain stem regions from which spinal activity could be evoked lie in the embryonic reticular formation close to neurons that send long descending axons to the lumbosacral spinal cord. The cells giving rise to these descending pathways are found in the ventral pontine and medullary reticular formation, a region that is the source of reticulospinal neurons important for motor activity in adult vertebrates. 6. Electrical recordings from this region revealed that the activity of some brain stem neurons was synchronized with the electrical activity of lumbosacral motoneurons during evoked or spontaneous episodes of rhythmic motor activity. 7. Both brain stem and spinal cord activity could be modulated by selective application of the glutamate agonist N-methyl-D-aspartate to the brain stem, supporting the existence of functionally active descending projections from the brain stem to the spinal cord. It is not yet clear what role the brain stem activity carried by these pathways has in the genesis and development of spinal cord motor activity.

scholarly journals Projections from vasopressin, oxytocin, and neurophysin neurons to neural targets in the rat and human.

1980 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 475-478 ◽  
Author(s):  
M V Sofroniew
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Brain Stem ◽  
Suprachiasmatic Nucleus ◽  
Limbic System ◽  
Immunoperoxidase Method ◽  
Vasopressin Neurons ◽  
The Brain

Projections from vasopressin, oxytocin, and neurophysin neurons to neural targets were examined using the immunoperoxidase method. In the rat, neural target areas were found in portions of the limbic system, diencephalon, mesencephalon, brain stem, and spinal cord. In the human, only target areas in the brain stem and spinal cord were investigated. The projections to these targets derive from hypothalamic magnocellular vasopressin or oxytocin neurons, as well as from parvocellular vasopressin neurons of the suprachiasmatic nucleus. In neural target areas, axo somatic, as well as axodendritic, contacts are made. The findings suggest that these projections interact with other neurons, rather than release hormone into the bloodstream.

Connections of midbrain periaqueductal gray in the monkey. II. Descending efferent projections

1983 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 582-594 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. W. Mantyh
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Brain Stem ◽  
Reticular Formation ◽  
Cervical Spinal Cord ◽  
Great Majority ◽  
Periaqueductal Gray ◽  
Locus Ceruleus ◽  
Contralateral Projection ◽  
Efferent Projections ◽  
The Brain

1. We have defined the descending efferent projections of the midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG) by injecting small amounts of [3H]leucine into the various regions of the squirrel monkey PAG. 2. Despite the fact that different regions of the PAG were injected in separate animals, the majority of the brain stem areas labeled remained constant. 3. The PAG exhibited a dense projection to the superior colliculus, the nucleus cuneiformis, and the locus ceruleus. Parts of the reticular formation (nucleus reticularis: pontis oralis, pontis caudalis, gigantocellularis, magnocellularis, and ventralis) received a projection from the PAG, as did the nucleus parabrachial pars lateralis, ambiguous, the nucleus raphe magnus, and raphe pallidus. 4. In contrast to the brain stem, the deep laminae of the nucleus caudalis and the deep laminae of the cervical spinal cord were labeled only after injections of the lateral aspect of the PAG. 5. The main route for the PAG leads to brain stem projections is through the lateral edge of the paramedian reticular formation. The great majority of the anterograde labeling was ipsilateral to the injection although a small contralateral projection was present. 6. These results indicate that the PAG projects to the brain stem and spinal cord in the monkey. Many of the brain stem areas that the PAG projects to are known to project to the spinal cord. These secondary spinal projections coupled with the direct PAG leads to spinal projection provide a wide variety of routes through which the PAG may influence spinal cord activity.

scholarly journals Dural Arteriovenous Fistula on the Brain Stem and Upper Cervical Spinal Cord - A Case Report -

2011 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 733 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyung-Suk Sun ◽  
Hyun-Sik Yun ◽  
Min-Keun Song ◽  
Jae-Young Han ◽  
In-Sung Choi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Case Report ◽  
Brain Stem ◽  
Arteriovenous Fistula ◽  
Dural Arteriovenous Fistula ◽  
Cervical Spinal Cord ◽  
Upper Cervical ◽  
The Brain
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