Critical Issues in Enhancing Team Performance in Computer-Based Systems

1980 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 536-536
Author(s):  
Robert C. Williges ◽  
Beverly H. Williges
Keyword(s):  
Team Performance ◽  
Traffic Control ◽  
Individual Performance ◽  
Research Literature ◽  
Communication Structure ◽  
Critical Issues ◽  
Successful Team ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
Team Functioning ◽  
Complex Computer

Many complex, computer-based systems are characterized as requiring successful team rather than individual performance. In systems such as combat information centers, air traffic control centers, and aircrew cockpits, the various individuals must coordinate their performance with other individuals in a relatively rigid task and communication structure in order to complete their mission successfully. Given the widespread existence of requirements for team functioning, it is surprising that the research literature dealing with team performance is so limited.

Are operating room distractions, interruptions, and disruptions associated with performance and patient safety? A systematic review and meta-analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan D McMullan ◽  
Rachel Urwin ◽  
Peter Gates ◽  
Neroli Sunderland ◽  
Johanna I Westbrook
Keyword(s):  
Patient Safety ◽  
Operating Room ◽  
Random Effects ◽  
Team Performance ◽  
Operative Time ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Individual Performance ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Total Operative Time ◽  
Operative Duration

Abstract Background The operating room (OR) is a complex environment in which distractions, interruptions, and disruptions (DIDs) are frequent. Our aim was to synthesise research on the relationships between DIDs and (a) operative duration, (b) team performance, (c) individual performance, and (d) patient safety outcomes; in order to better understand how interventions can be designed to mitigate the negative effects of DIDs. Methods Electronic databases (MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO) and reference lists were systematically searched. Included studies were required to report quantitative outcomes of the association between DIDs and team performance, individual performance, and patient safety. Two reviewers independently screened articles for inclusion, assessed study quality, and extracted data. A random effects meta-analysis was performed on a subset of studies reporting total operative time and DIDs. Results Twenty-seven studies were identified. The majority were prospective observational studies (n=15), of moderate quality (n=15). DIDs were often defined, measured, and interpreted differently in studies. DIDs were significantly associated with: extended operative duration (n=8), impaired team performance (n=6), self-reported errors by colleagues (n=1), surgical errors (n=1), increased risk and incidence of surgical site infection (n=4), and fewer patient safety checks (n=1). A random effects meta-analysis showed that the proportion of total operative time due to DIDs was 22.0% (95% CI 15.7-29.9). Conclusion DIDs in surgery are associated with a range of negative outcomes. However, significant knowledge gaps exist about the mechanisms that underlie these relationships, as well as the potential clinical and non-clinical benefits that DIDs may deliver. Available evidence indicates that interventions to reduce the negative effects of DIDs are warranted, but current evidence is not sufficient to make recommendations about potentially useful interventions.

Self-Conscious Modeling (Modellierung bewusster Systeme)

2005 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirstie L. Bellman
Keyword(s):  
Computing Systems ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
Generative Processes ◽  
And Control ◽  
Reflective Systems ◽  
Complex Computer ◽  
Organic Computing ◽  
Monitor And Control

SummuryIncreasingly diverse and complex computer-based support underlies critical human processes, such as education, commerce, medicine, science, defense, and government. These systems are fed massive amounts of data and due to the complexity and size of these systems, they are integrating and interfacing with each other with less human oversight. Soon, they will need to build, refine, and elaborate their own models and processes, making more decisions about what information to use in what manner and how to approach problems or goals. Hence, these systems must be able to reason about and report out to us their modeling and processing choices in order to help us monitor and control their operations and interactions. In this paper, we discuss our work on creating reflective systems, and how reflection coupled with “generative processes” and “cognitive instrumentation” will help enable organic computing systems. We then briefly describe our testbed for studying self-conscious modeling.

scholarly journals Safety Analysis of Interchange Functional Areas

2018 ◽  
Vol 2672 (30) ◽  
pp. 120-130
Author(s):  
Akinfolarin Abatan ◽  
Peter T. Savolainen
Keyword(s):  
Random Effects ◽  
Traffic Control ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Research Literature ◽  
Safety Performance ◽  
Random Effects Models ◽  
Traffic Crash ◽  
Design Alternatives ◽  
Traffic Conflicts ◽  
Functional Areas

Limited access facilities, such as freeways and expressways, are generally designed to the highest standards among public roads. Consequently, these facilities demonstrate crash, injury, and fatality rates that are significantly lower than other road facility types. However, these rates are generally elevated in the immediate vicinity of interchanges because of increases in traffic conflicts precipitated by weaving, merging, and diverging traffic. Given the extensive costs involved in interchange construction, it is important to discern the expected operational and safety impacts of various design alternatives. To this end, the objective of this study was to analyze safety performance within the functional areas of interchanges. The study involves the integration of traffic crash, volume, and roadway geometric data from 2010 to 2014 in the state of Iowa. Separate analyses were conducted for the freeway mainline and ramp connections. A series of safety performance functions (SPFs) were estimated for both the mainline and ramps. Random effects negative binomial models were estimated, which account for correlation in crash counts at the same location over time. The results show the frequency of crashes to vary based on traffic volume, interchange configuration, speed limit, and traffic control at the ramp terminal. The random effects models are shown to significantly outperform pooled models, which suggest there are several important location-specific factors that are not included in the analysis dataset. The SPFs from this study are also compared with several reference models from the extant research literature.

scholarly journals Developmental mechanisms in the prodrome to psychosis

2013 ◽  
Vol 25 (4pt2) ◽  
pp. 1585-1600 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elaine F. Walker ◽  
Hanan D. Trotman ◽  
Sandra M. Goulding ◽  
Carrie W. Holtzman ◽  
Arthur T. Ryan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Psychotic Disorders ◽  
Preventive Intervention ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
Research Literature ◽  
Mental Illnesses ◽  
Critical Issues ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
New Research ◽  
Postnatal Stress ◽  
Adolescent Brain Development

AbstractPsychotic disorders continue to be among the most disabling and scientifically challenging of all mental illnesses. Accumulating research findings suggest that the etiologic processes underlying the development of these disorders are more complex than had previously been assumed. At the same time, this complexity has revealed a wider range of potential options for preventive intervention, both psychosocial and biological. In part, these opportunities result from our increased understanding of the dynamic and multifaceted nature of the neurodevelopmental mechanisms involved in the disease process, as well as the evidence that many of these entail processes that are malleable. In this article, we review the burgeoning research literature on the prodrome to psychosis, based on studies of individuals who meet clinical high risk criteria. This literature has examined a range of factors, including cognitive, genetic, psychosocial, and neurobiological. We then turn to a discussion of some contemporary models of the etiology of psychosis that emphasize the prodromal period. These models encompass the origins of vulnerability in fetal development, as well as postnatal stress, the immune response, and neuromaturational processes in adolescent brain development that appear to go awry during the prodrome to psychosis. Then, informed by these neurodevelopmental models of etiology, we turn to the application of new research paradigms that will address critical issues in future investigations. It is expected that these studies will play a major role in setting the stage for clinical trials aimed at preventive intervention.

Self-disclosure, Privacy and the Internet

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam N. Joinson ◽  
Carina B. Paine
Keyword(s):  
Personal Information ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Computer Mediated Communication ◽  
Research Literature ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Mediated Communication ◽  
Self Disclosure ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Critical Issues ◽  
Product And Process

This article examines the extant research literature on self-disclosure and the Internet, in particular by focusing on disclosure in computer-mediated communication and web-based forms – both in surveys and in e-commerce applications. It also considers the links between privacy and self-disclosure, and the unique challenges (and opportunities) that the Internet poses for the protection of privacy. Finally, the article proposes three critical issues that unite the ways in which we can best understand the links between privacy, self-disclosure, and new technology: trust and vulnerability, costs and benefits, and control over personal information. Central to the discussion is the notion that self-disclosure is not simply the outcome of a communication encounter: rather, it is both a product and process of interaction, as well as a way of regulating interaction dynamically. By adopting a privacy approach to understanding disclosure online, it becomes possible to consider not only media effects that encourage disclosure, but also the wider context and implications of such communicative behaviours.

Investigative Active Learning and the Teaching of Heat Transfer

1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward E. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Active Learning ◽  
General Solution ◽  
Transfer Problem ◽  
Solution Process ◽  
Research Literature ◽  
Structural Wall ◽  
Learning Techniques ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
Based Instruction

Abstract The benefits and advantages of investigative active learning are well documented throughout cognition and educational psychology research literature. But, these techniques are not extensively used in higher education and particularly engineering education. In this paper, a model is presented for applying computer based instruction (CBI) techniques to investigative active learning as practiced in a typical undergraduate heat transfer course. This model is demonstrated with the heat transfer through a composite structural wall problem. An investigative approach is used to coach students as they learn the general solution process. Several different active learning techniques are then applied as a student progresses through each step of the general solution process. These techniques are applicable to any heat transfer problem and when properly implemented, they should improve the learning of the general solution process. The demonstration example is best experienced with a computer. Individuals wishing to explore this model may do so at http://129.118.17.180/mvweb.

Improving Performance in the Navy’s Acquisition Process Through the Improved Use of Teams

1997 ◽  
Vol 13 (04) ◽  
pp. 225-241
Author(s):  
J. Paul Lemoine ◽  
Henry S. Marcus ◽  
Joseph A. Curcio
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Team Performance ◽  
Department Of Defense ◽  
Project Performance ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Total Quality ◽  
Acquisition Process ◽  
Leadership Management ◽  
Successful Team ◽  
Proven Method

The use of teams is a critical part of Total Quality Leadership/Management, and is a proven method for improving project performance in both civilian and Department of Defense applications. This paper considers whether the Navy should focus more attention on the application of team-based project administration in the ship acquisition process. A series of case studies written at MIT is analyzed to describe how teams have functioned in recent ship acquisition projects. Successful aspects of team performance are discussed. The lessons learned from these case studies are compared with the theory on the value and implementation of teams. The use of ship acquisition teams is analyzed in relationship to desired performance. Documented improvements in performance over previous contracts are presented. The paper concludes by assessing that the three cases examined were successful team efforts. Based on these projects, it is stated that the obstacles unique to the Navy ship acquisition process are surmountable by partnering approaches, and that such approaches should be considered for other yards and projects.

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