Diagnostic bone marrow sampling in cats. Currently accepted best practices

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (7) ◽  
pp. 759-767 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher G Byers
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Best Practices ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Practical Relevance ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
Hematologic Disorders ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Sampling Procedures

Practical relevance: Hematologic disorders are relatively common in cats, as inflammatory, immune-mediated and infectious diseases have the potential to impact erythroid, myeloid and thrombopoietic lines within the bone marrow. Clinical challenges: Clinicians often benefit from information obtained from bone marrow cytology and histopathology in diagnosing hematologic disorders in feline patients. However, these sampling procedures are ones that many veterinarians are intimidated by and thus not comfortably performing in clinical practice. Audience: This review, aimed at all veterinarians who treat cats, highlights the reasons a clinician may elect to sample bone marrow, and details the collection of bone marrow for both cytology and histopathology. Potential complications and limitations of each procedure are also reviewed. Evidence base: The collection of bone marrow for cytology and histopathology is not new to feline medicine and several research studies have investigated various sampling modalities in cats. This article offers a comprehensive review of the currently accepted best practices.

scholarly journals The diagnostic approach to anaemia in the dog and cat

2017 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 149 ◽  
Author(s):  
SAVERIO PALTRINIERI
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Blood Loss ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Diagnostic Approach ◽  
Serological Tests ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Microcytic Hypochromic Anaemia ◽  
Hypochromic Anaemia ◽  
Hb Concentration ◽  
Possible Cause

The term anaemia indicates a pathologic condition characterized by a decreased concentration of hemoglobin (Hb) in blood, usually associated with a decreased number of erythrocytes (RBC) and/or of hematocrit (Ht). Anaemia depends on two pathogenic mechanisms: 1) decreased RBC production due toxic, infectious or idiopathic bone marrow diseases or to metabolic, neoplastic or infectious diseases that secondarily affect erythropoiesis, leading to the so-called “non regenerative anaemia”, on which no reticulocytes are released in blood from bone marrow; 2) decreased lifespan of mature RBC due to acute blood loss or hemolysis that leads to “regenerative anaemia” in which reticulocytes are released in blood as an attempt to restore the RBC mass. A stepwise diagnostic approach to anaemic dogs and cats may allow first to identify which of the two mechanisms is involved in the pathogenesis of anaemia, then to identify the possible cause of decreased RBC production or of decreased RBC lifespan. This approach must include clinical data, information regarding gross appearance of the sample, actual values of RBC counts, Ht and Hb concentration, RBC indexes (MCV, MCH, MCHC, RDW) and the magnitude of the reticulocyte response. Morphology of blood cells and additional laboratory tests may further address the diagnosis. With rare exceptions, non regenerative anaemia is normocytic normochromic,while regenerative anaemia is macrocytic hypochromic and characterized by anisocytosis and polychromasia, since reticulocytes are larger and have less Hb than mature RBC. However, blood loss or hemolytic anaemia are initially “pre-regenerative” (normocytic and normochromic), then they shift to the macrocytic hypochromic pattern in a few days, when reticulocytosis becomes relevant. Microcytic hypochromic anaemia is usually associated with iron deficiency. Once anaemia is classified into one of the categories listed above, morphology of RBC may suggest the possible cause, especially in regenerative anaemia, when the shape of RBC may be consistent with oxidative damage (eccentrocytes, Heinz bodies), immune-mediated mechanisms (agglutination, spherocytes, schistocytes, etc) or infectious diseases (e.g. mycoplasmosis, babesiosis). If needed, bone marrow cytology, Coomb’s test or flow cytometric detection of anti-RBC antibodies, coagulation profiles or additional biochemical or serological tests may be used to finalize the diagnostic approach.

Traumatic abdominal wall rupture in cats: Decision-making and recommended repair techniques

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 234-240
Author(s):  
Julie M Hennet ◽  
John Williams
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Patient Care ◽  
Abdominal Wall ◽  
Postoperative Morbidity ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Practical Relevance ◽  
Postoperative Patient ◽  
Surgical Equipment ◽  
Serious Injury ◽  
Repair Techniques

Practical relevance: Traumatic abdominal wall rupture is a potentially serious injury in cats. Feline and general practitioners should be up to date with the significance of these injuries and the procedures required to correct them. Clinical challenges: It is essential that the surgeon understands the local anatomy and adheres to Halsted’s principles in order that postoperative morbidity and mortality are kept to a minimum. Equipment: Standard general surgical equipment is required together with the facilities to provide adequate pre-, intra- and postoperative patient care. Evidence base: The authors have drawn on evidence from the published literature, as well as their own clinical experience, in developing this review aimed all veterinarians who want to update their skills in managing feline abdominal wall trauma.

scholarly journals Cold Agglutinin-Mediated Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia in Association with Antiphospholipid Syndrome

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Ram Gelman ◽  
Fadi Kharouf ◽  
Yuval Ishay ◽  
Alexander Gural
Keyword(s):  
Hemolytic Anemia ◽  
Antiphospholipid Syndrome ◽  
Complement Activation ◽  
Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia ◽  
Cold Agglutinin ◽  
Primary Antiphospholipid Syndrome ◽  
Unique Case ◽  
Hematologic Disorders ◽  
Clear Association ◽  
Immune Mediated

Antiphospholipid syndrome and cold agglutinin-mediated autoimmune hemolytic anemia are 2 distinct immune-mediated hematologic disorders. While no clear association exists between these 2 entities, complement activation is known to occur in both of them. Herein, we report a unique case of cold agglutinin hemolytic anemia in a patient with a known primary antiphospholipid syndrome.

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