scholarly journals Gender identity disorders and multiple sclerosis risk: A national record-linkage study

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (13) ◽  
pp. 1759-1762 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Pakpoor ◽  
Clare J Wotton ◽  
Klaus Schmierer ◽  
Gavin Giovannoni ◽  
Michael J Goldacre
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Gender Identity ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
Gonadal Hormones ◽  
Linkage Study ◽  
Low Testosterone ◽  
Adjusted Rate ◽  
Gender Identity Disorders ◽  
Male To Female ◽  
Hospital Statistics

Background: An altered balance of gonadal hormones in males with gender identity disorders (GIDs) may increase multiple sclerosis (MS) risk both inherently and secondary to treatment in undergoing male-to-female conversion. Objective: We investigated any association between GIDs and MS through analysis of record-linked hospital statistics. Method: Analysis of English Hospital Episode Statistics, 1999–2012. Results: The adjusted rate ratio (RR) of MS following GIDs in males was 6.63 (95% confidence interval (95% CI) = 1.81–17.01, p = 0.0002). The RR of MS following GIDs in females was 1.44 (95% CI = 0.47–3.37, p = 0.58). Conclusion: We report a strong association between GIDs and MS in male-to-females, supporting a potential role for low testosterone and/or feminising hormones on MS risk in males.

ORIGINAL RESEARCH—INTERSEX AND GENDER IDENTITY DISORDERS: A Report from a Single Institute's 14-Year Experience in Treatment of Male-to-Female Transsexuals

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (10) ◽  
pp. 2736-2745 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ciro Imbimbo ◽  
Paolo Verze ◽  
Alessandro Palmieri ◽  
Nicola Longo ◽  
Ferdinando Fusco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Identity ◽  
Original Research ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Gender Identity Disorders ◽  
Male To Female

Gender Identity Disorders in Childhood and Adolescence

2006 ◽  
Vol 17 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 7-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darryl B. Hill ◽  
Christina Rozanski ◽  
Jessica Carfagnini ◽  
Brian Willoughby
Keyword(s):  
Gender Identity ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Gender Identity Disorders

A linkage study in two families with multiple sclerosis and healthy members with oligoclonal CSF immunopathy

2006 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 723-730 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Haghighi ◽  
O Andersen ◽  
S Nilsson ◽  
L Rydberg ◽  
J Wahlström
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Genetic Model ◽  
Single Gene ◽  
Parametric Method ◽  
Linkage Study ◽  
Suggestive Linkage ◽  
Lod Score ◽  
Extended Families ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Reduced Penetrance

We studied two extended families in which not only multiple sclerosis (MS) segregates, but also approximately 18% of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) investigated blood relatives have ‘MS immunopathic trait’, an oligoclonal CSF immunopathy similar to that seen in MS, but with no neurological symptoms. Both families fit a genetic model for autosomal dominant inheritance for MS immunopathic trait, although with reduced penetrance in family A. In order to identify genetic factors of importance for the development of MS immunopathic trait, we performed a genome scan using the CHLC/Weber Screening Set (ver 6A), with 285 successful markers, to test the hypothesis that a single gene is causing the MS immunopathic trait in these families. Using a parametric method, we identified regions with suggestive linkage at chromosome 6q12 with a LOD-score of 2.4, putative linkage with LOD-score 1.5 at chromosome 6p21 (HLA region), putative linkage at chromosome 12q24 with a LOD-score of 1.7 and suggestive linkage at chromosome 19q13.2 with a LOD-score of 1.8. The LOD-score at chromosome 19q13.2 increased to 2.2 when only family A was analysed. In family A, all MS patients and two of five individuals with MS immunopathic trait had HLA DRB1*(15) and in family B, all blood relatives had the rare HLA type DRB1*0103, which is associated with other autoimmune diseases. We suggest that DRB1*0103 is a necessary but not sufficient condition for the susceptibility for MS immunopathic trait in this family.

scholarly journals Low testosterone is associated with disability in men with multiple sclerosis

2014 ◽  
Vol 20 (12) ◽  
pp. 1584-1592 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Bove ◽  
A Musallam ◽  
BC Healy ◽  
K Raghavan ◽  
BI Glanz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism ◽  
Total Testosterone ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Testosterone Levels ◽  
Vitamin D Levels ◽  
Relapsing Remitting ◽  
25 Hydroxy Vitamin D ◽  
Male Patients ◽  
Low Testosterone

Background: Gonadal steroids may modulate disease course in multiple sclerosis (MS). Objective: To assess the prevalence and clinical associations of hypogonadism in men with MS. Methods: Male patients, aged 18–65 years, with relapsing–remitting MS (RRMS) or clinically-isolated syndrome (CIS) and their first symptom < 10 years prior were selected from a longitudinal clinical study. We measured their hormones in stored morning blood samples, and collected their Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) scores every 6 months and their Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) results annually. Results: Our analysis included 96 men with a mean age of 40 years, EDSS of 1.1 and disease duration of 4.6 years. Of these men, 39% were hypogonadal (total testosterone < 288 ng/dL); none showed compensatory elevations in luteinizing hormone. Their low testosterone levels and testosterone:estradiol ratios were negatively correlated with body mass index (BMI) and leptin, and showed no correlation with 25-hydroxy-vitamin D levels. In our primary cross-sectional analyses, there was a negative age-adjusted correlation between total testosterone and EDSS ( p = 0.044). In the age-adjusted longitudinal analyses, higher baseline testosterone levels were associated with less decline in SDMT ( p = 0.012). Conclusions: Men with MS may experience hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Low testosterone levels may be associated with worse clinical outcomes. A potential neuroprotective role for testosterone warrants further investigation.

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