Determinants of Performance Improvement in Training under Time-Sharing Conditions

1975 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Gopher ◽  
Robert A. North
Keyword(s):  
Dual Task ◽  
Reaction Time Task ◽  
Task Demands ◽  
Tracking Task ◽  
Time Sharing ◽  
Single Task ◽  
Performance Improvements ◽  
Dual Task Performance ◽  
Specific Skill ◽  
Task Training

A one-dimensional compensatory tracking task and a digit-processing, reaction-time task were combined to assess three aspects of training under time–sharing conditions: (1) Manipulation of desired performance levels for dual-task performance comparing performance under single-task demands vs. adjustment to dual-task demands; (2) training under equal and unequal task priorities in time-sharings; (3) reveated sequence of single-dual task presentations. Six groups of 10 subjects participated in the experiment. Larger performance improvements under time–sharing conditions were observed when performance demands were based on dual–task performances than on single-task performances. Training under unequal task priorities revealed that tracking was more sensitive to priority differences than the digit-processing task. Whereas tracking performances improved during single-task training, digit-processing improved only in the time-sharing conditions, suggesting that improvement on the tracking task is in the specific skill of tracking, while digit-processing improvement results from improved time-sharing ability.

Manipulating the Conditions of Training in Time-Sharing Performance

1977 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 583-593 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Gopher ◽  
Robert A. North
Keyword(s):  
Dual Task ◽  
Performance Indicators ◽  
Reaction Time Task ◽  
Tracking Task ◽  
Time Sharing ◽  
Single Task ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Performance Improvements ◽  
Dual Task Performance ◽  
Specific Skill

A one-dimensional compensatory tracking task and a digit-processing, reaction time task were combined to assess three aspects of training under time-sharing conditions: (1) manipulation of desired levels of dual-task performance: (2) training under equal and unequal task priorities: and (3) repeated sequencing of single/dual-task presentations. Six groups of 10 subjects each participated in the experiment. Larger performance improvements under time-sharing conditions were observed when desired performance indicators were computed relative to a dual-task rather than a single-task reference. Training under unequal task priorities revealed that tracking was more sensitive than the digit-processing task to priority differences. Tracking performance continued to improve during repeated single-task presentation, whereas digit processing improved only in the time-sharing conditions. These findings suggest that improvement on the tracking task is in the specific skill of tracking, while digit-processing improvement results from improved time-sharing ability.

scholarly journals No impact of instructions and feedback on task integration in motor learning

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harald Ewolds ◽  
Laura Broeker ◽  
Rita F. de Oliveira ◽  
Markus Raab ◽  
Stefan Künzell
Keyword(s):  
Task Performance ◽  
Dual Task ◽  
Reaction Time Task ◽  
Tracking Task ◽  
High Pitch ◽  
Motor Tasks ◽  
Dual Tasks ◽  
Single Task ◽  
Dual Task Performance ◽  
Improved Performance

Abstract This study examined the effect of instructions and feedback on the integration of two tasks. Task-integration of covarying tasks are thought to help dual-task performance. With complete task integration of covarying dual tasks, a dual task becomes more like a single task and dual-task costs should be reduced as it is no longer conceptualized as a dual task. In the current study we tried to manipulate the extent to which tasks are integrated. We covaried a tracking task with an auditory go/no-go task and tried to manipulate the extent of task-integration by using two different sets of instructions and feedback. A group receiving task-integration promoting instructions and feedback (N = 18) and a group receiving task-separation instructions and feedback (N = 20) trained on a continuous tracking task. The tracking task covaried with the auditory go/no-go reaction time task because high-pitch sounds always occurred 250 ms before turns, which has been demonstrated to foster task integration. The tracking task further contained a repeating segment to investigate implicit learning. Results showed that instructions, feedback, or participants’ conceptualization of performing a single task versus a dual task did not significantly affect task integration. However, the covariation manipulation improved performance in both the tracking and the go/no-go task, exceeding performance in non-covarying and single tasks. We concluded that task integration between covarying motor tasks is a robust phenomenon that is not influenced by instructions or feedback.

Flexibility in Resource Allocation and the Performance of Time-Sharing Tasks

1988 ◽  
Vol 32 (19) ◽  
pp. 1466-1470 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel Spitz
Keyword(s):  
Resource Allocation ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Dual Task ◽  
Task Demands ◽  
Time Sharing ◽  
Single Task ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Dual Task Performance ◽  
Task Conditions ◽  
Mental Resources

The extent and nature of the ability to control the allocation of mental resources between the components of a dual task was investigated in three separate experiments. Using a variable priority (demand) methodology it was found that subjects could manipulate their performance level, however their ability to meet specific demand levels was limited. Training subjects under single or dual-task conditions using a wide range of task demand significantly improved dual task performance and degree of control over resource allocation as compared to performance following practice under a narrow range of task demands or under single task fixed demand conditions. Single task performance among all groups improved to the same degree. It was concluded that training subjects under a wide range of task demands increases the range of performance levels over which mental resources can be flexibly allocated for those tasks and improves time sharing performance. Implications for the design of training for complex task performance are discussed.

THE INFLUENCE OF TDCS INTENSITY ON DECISION-MAKING TRAINING AND TRANSFER OUTCOMES

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shane E Ehrhardt ◽  
Hannah L. Filmer ◽  
Yohan Wards ◽  
Jason B Mattingley ◽  
Paul E Dux
Keyword(s):  
Dual Task ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Performance Outcomes ◽  
Single Task ◽  
Training Performance ◽  
Dual Task Performance ◽  
Task Component ◽  
Task Practice ◽  
Task Training ◽  
Performance Gains

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been shown to improve single- and dual-task performance in healthy participants and enhance transferable training gains following multiple sessions of combined stimulation and task-practice. However, it has yet to be determined what the optimal stimulation dose is for facilitating such outcomes. We aimed to test the effects of different tDCS intensities, with a commonly used electrode montage, on performance outcomes in a multi-session single/dual-task training and transfer protocol. In a pre-registered study, 123 participants, who were pseudorandomised across four groups, each completed six sessions (pre- and post-training sessions and four combined tDCS and training sessions) and received 20 minutes of prefrontal anodal tDCS at 0.7 mA, 1.0 mA, 2.0 mA, or 15-second sham stimulation. Response time and accuracy were assessed in trained and untrained tasks. The 1.0 mA group showed substantial improvements in single-task reaction time and dual-task accuracy, with additional evidence for improvements in dual-task reaction times, relative to sham performance. This group also showed near transfer to the single-task component of an untrained multitasking paradigm. The 0.7 mA and 2.0 mA intensities varied in which performance measures they improved on the trained task, but in sum, the effects were less robust than for the 1.0 mA group and there was no evidence for the transfer of performance. Our study highlights that training performance gains are augmented by tDCS, but their magnitude and nature are not uniform across stimulation intensity.

Individual Differences and Age-Related Changes in Time-Sharing Ability of Aviators

1983 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rolf Braune ◽  
Christopher D. Wickens
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Dual Task ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Separate Analysis ◽  
Negative Evidence ◽  
Time Sharing ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Dual Task Performance ◽  
General Slowing

Performance in single task and dual task configurations was examined across four different age groups to determine the presence of an attention deficit hypothesis with increasing chronological age. Although a general slowing of performance could be shown no interaction between age and dual task loadings could be observed which is interpreted as negative evidence for the attention deficit hypothesis. A separate analysis revealed individual differences in time-sharing ability within age groups to be a significant factor in dual task performance.

The Effect of Processing Code, Response Modality and Task Difficulty on Dual Task Performance and Subjective Workload in a Manual System

1987 ◽  
Vol 31 (7) ◽  
pp. 847-851 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yili Liu ◽  
Christopher D. Wickens
Keyword(s):  
Task Performance ◽  
Dual Task ◽  
Task Difficulty ◽  
Task Structure ◽  
Time Sharing ◽  
Multiple Resources ◽  
Response Modality ◽  
Dual Task Performance ◽  
Processing Resources ◽  
And Task

We report here the first experiment of a series studying the effect of task structure and difficulty demand on time-sharing performance and workload in both automated and corresponding manual systems. The experimental task involves manual control time-shared with spatial and verbal decisions tasks of two levels of difficulty and two modes of response (voice or manual). The results provide strong evidence that tasks and processes competing for common processing resources are time shared less effectively and have higher workload than tasks competing for separate resources. Subjective measures and the structure of multiple resources are used in conjunction to predict dual task performance. The evidence comes from both single task and from dual task performance.

scholarly journals The Association between High Neuroticism-Low Extraversion and Dual-Task Performance during Walking While Talking in Non-demented Older Adults

2015 ◽  
Vol 21 (7) ◽  
pp. 519-530 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brittany C. LeMonda ◽  
Jeannette R. Mahoney ◽  
Joe Verghese ◽  
Roee Holtzer
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Dual Task ◽  
Stress Test ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Task Demands ◽  
Gait Velocity ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Dual Task Performance

AbstractThe Walking While Talking (WWT) dual-task paradigm is a mobility stress test that predicts major outcomes, including falls, frailty, disability, and mortality in aging. Certain personality traits, such as neuroticism, extraversion, and their combination, have been linked to both cognitive and motor outcomes. We examined whether individual differences in personality dimensions of neuroticism and extraversion predicted dual-task performance decrements (both motor and cognitive) on a WWT task in non-demented older adults. We hypothesized that the combined effect of high neuroticism-low extraversion would be related to greater dual-task costs in gait velocity and cognitive performance in non-demented older adults. Participants (N=295; age range,=65–95 years; female=164) completed the Big Five Inventory and WWT task involving concurrent gait and a serial 7’s subtraction task. Gait velocity was obtained using an instrumented walkway. The high neuroticism-low extraversion group incurred greater dual-task costs (i.e., worse performance) in both gait velocity {95% confidence interval (CI) [−17.68 to −3.07]} and cognitive performance (95% CI [−19.34 to −2.44]) compared to the low neuroticism-high extraversion group, suggesting that high neuroticism-low extraversion interferes with the allocation of attentional resources to competing task demands during the WWT task. Older individuals with high neuroticism-low extraversion may be at higher risk for falls, mobility decline and other adverse outcomes in aging. (JINS, 2015, 21, 519–530)

scholarly journals Training of Balance Under Single- and Dual-Task Conditions in Older Adults With Balance Impairment

2006 ◽  
Vol 86 (2) ◽  
pp. 269-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patima Silsupadol ◽  
Ka-Chun Siu ◽  
Anne Shumway-Cook ◽  
Marjorie H Woollacott
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Case Report ◽  
Dual Task ◽  
Balance Training ◽  
Single Task ◽  
Balance Impairment ◽  
Instructional Set ◽  
Task Training ◽  
Dual Task Training ◽  
Task Conditions

Background and Purpose. Traditionally, rehabilitation programs emphasize training balance under single-task conditions to improve balance and reduce risk for falls. The purpose of this case report is to describe 3 balance training approaches in older adults with impaired balance. Case Descriptions. Three patients were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 interventions: (1) single-task balance training, (2) dual-task training under a fixed-priority instructional set, and (3) dual-task training under a variable-priority instructional set. Outcomes. The patients who received balance training under dual-task conditions showed dual-task training benefits; these training benefits were maintained for 3 months. The patient who received variable-priority training showed improvement on novel dual tasks. Discussion. Older adults may be able to improve their balance under dual-task conditions only following specific types of balance training. This case report gives insight on how this intervention might be combined with more traditional physical therapy intervention. [Silsupadol P, Siu KC, Shumway-Cook A, Woollacott MH. Training of balance under single- and dual-task conditions in older adults with balance impairment. Phys Ther. 2006;86:269–281.]

Dual-Task Measures of S-R Compatibility

1979 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 422-426
Author(s):  
George D. Ogden ◽  
Nancy S. Anderson ◽  
Angela M. Rieck
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Dual Task ◽  
Tracking Task ◽  
Single Task ◽  
Induced Stress ◽  
Task Setting ◽  
Choice Reaction Task ◽  
Reaction Performance ◽  
Reaction Task

The present study was designed to compare single-task and dual-task measures of S-R compatibility. A numeral-motor choice-reaction task was performed alone and with a secondary tracking task. The level of compatibility was varied by manipulating the S-R assignments in the choice-reaction task. Results of the single-task trials indicated that reaction time was significantly slower for the incompatible conditions. Reaction time was slower, more errors were made, and fewer problems were attempted in the incompatible dual-task trials. Despite instructions to maintain choice-reaction performance at single-task levels, incompatible task performance was significantly degraded in the dual-task setting. Results indicated that resistance to task-induced stress may be a major indicant of the level of compatibility.

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