EXPRESS: Temporal grouping effects in verbal and musical short-term memory: Is serial order representation domain-general?

Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology ◽

10.1177/17470218211057466 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 174702182110574

Author(s):

Simon Gorin

Keyword(s):

Short Term Memory ◽

Serial Order ◽

Short Term ◽

Term Memory ◽

Domain Specific ◽

Temporal Grouping ◽

Versus Domain ◽

Grouping Effect ◽

Order Representation ◽

Viable Mechanism

The question of the domain-general versus domain-specific nature of the serial order mechanisms involved in short-term memory is currently under debate. The present study aimed at addressing this question through the study of temporal grouping effects in short-term memory tasks with musical material, a domain which has received little interest so far. The goal was to determine whether positional coding—currently the best account of grouping effect in verbal short-term memory—represents a viable mechanism to explain grouping effects in the musical domain. In a first experiment, non-musicians performed serial reconstruction of 6-tone sequences, where half of the sequences was grouped by groups of three items and the other half presented at a regular pace. The overall data pattern suggests that temporal grouping exerts on tone sequences reconstruction the same effects as in the verbal domain, except for ordering errors which were not characterized by the typical increase of interpositions. This pattern has been replicated in two additional experiments with verbal material, using the same grouping structure as in the musical experiment. The findings support that verbal and musical short-term memory domains are characterized by similar temporal grouping effects for the recall of 6-item lists grouped by three, but it also suggests the existence of boundary condition to observe an increase of interposition errors predicted by positional theories.

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Temporal grouping effects in tone sequence reconstruction: testing domain-general positional theories of serial order

10.31234/osf.io/mfynu ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Simon Gorin

Keyword(s):

Short Term Memory ◽

Serial Order ◽

Short Term ◽

Term Memory ◽

Domain Specific ◽

Temporal Grouping ◽

Versus Domain ◽

Sequence Reconstruction ◽

Fourth Experiment ◽

Musical Memory

The question of the domain-general versus domain-specific nature of the serial order mechanisms involved in short-term memory is currently under debate. The present study aimed at addressing this question through the study of temporal grouping effects in short-term memory tasks with musical material, a domain which has received little interest so far. We conducted three experiments with non-musicians who performed serial reconstruction of six-tone sequences, where half of the sequences were temporally grouped and the other half presented at a regular pace. The overall data pattern suggests that temporal grouping exerts the same effects on tone sequences reconstruction as in the verbal domain, except for ordering errors. This pattern was replicated in a fourth experiment with verbal material of the same structure as in musical memory experiments of this study. Our findings support the view that positional markers similar to those described in the verbal domain of short-term memory could be used to represent serial order in the musical domain of short-term memory.

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The influence of rhythm on short-term memory for serial order

Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology ◽

10.1177/1747021820941358 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 73 (12) ◽

pp. 2071-2092

Author(s):

Simon Gorin

Keyword(s):

Short Term Memory ◽

Recall Performance ◽

Serial Order ◽

Short Term ◽

Temporal Isolation ◽

Term Memory ◽

Temporal Grouping ◽

Temporal Factors ◽

Event Based ◽

Signal Coding

In the field of verbal short-term memory (STM), numerous theoretical models have been proposed to explain how serial order information is processed and represented. Evidence suggests that serial order is represented through associations between items and a varying contextual signal coding the position of each item in a sequence, but the nature of this contextual signal is still a matter of debate (i.e., event-based vs. time-based varying signal). According to event-based models of serial order, the contextual signal coding serial order is not sensitive to temporal manipulations, as it is the case in irregularly timed sequences. Up to now, the study of the temporal factors influencing serial order STM has been limited to temporal grouping and temporal isolation effects. The goal of the present study is to specify in more detail the role played by temporal factors in serial order STM tasks. To accomplish this, we compared recall performance and error patterns for sequences presenting items at a regular or an irregular and unpredictable timing in three experiments. The results showed that irregular timing does not affect serial recall nor the pattern of errors. These data clearly favour the view that serial order in verbal STM is represented with event-based rather than time-based codes.

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Temporal Grouping, Rehearsal and Short-Term Memory

Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology ◽

10.1080/14640746908400207 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 21 (2) ◽

pp. 148-155 ◽

Cited By ~ 60

Author(s):

Joanna Ryan

Keyword(s):

Short Term Memory ◽

Short Term ◽

Term Memory ◽

Temporal Grouping

The effects of temporal grouping on auditory short-term memory are investigated, using pauses of different lengths to indicate the groups. No quantitative or qualitative differences were found between the shorter and longer pauses. This result, in conjunction with an analysis of the order errors, is used to suggest what kind of processing occurs during the pauses. This processing is selective, recoding the information about order according to position within a group.

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Short-term Memory in Childhood Dyslexia: Deficient Serial Order in Multiple Modalities

Dyslexia ◽

10.1002/dys.1557 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 23 (3) ◽

pp. 209-233 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Nelson Cowan ◽

Tiffany P. Hogan ◽

Mary Alt ◽

Samuel Green ◽

Kathryn L. Cabbage ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Short Term Memory ◽

Serial Order ◽

Short Term ◽

Term Memory ◽

Multiple Modalities ◽

Childhood Dyslexia

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Probed recall for serial order deficits in short-term memory in schizophrenic patients

Schizophrenia Research ◽

10.1016/s0920-9964(01)00384-x ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 59 (2-3) ◽

pp. 127-135 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Brita Elvevåg ◽

Joscelyn E Fisher ◽

Terry E Goldberg

Keyword(s):

Short Term Memory ◽

Serial Order ◽

Short Term ◽

Term Memory ◽

Schizophrenic Patients

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Short-term memory for serial order in schizophrenia: A detailed examination of error types.

Neuropsychology ◽

10.1037/0894-4105.15.1.128 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 128-135 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Brita Elvevåg ◽

Daniel R. Weinberger ◽

Terry E. Goldberg

Keyword(s):

Short Term Memory ◽

Serial Order ◽

Detailed Examination ◽

Short Term ◽

Term Memory ◽

Error Types

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BO-LSTM: Classifying relations via long short-term memory networks along biomedical ontologies

10.1101/336719 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Andre Lamurias ◽

Luka A. Clarke ◽

Francisco M. Couto

Keyword(s):

Deep Learning ◽

Text Mining ◽

Drug Interactions ◽

Short Term Memory ◽

Biomedical Ontologies ◽

Short Term ◽

Term Memory ◽

Domain Specific ◽

Learning Techniques ◽

Long Short Term Memory

AbstractRecent studies have proposed deep learning techniques, namely recurrent neural networks, to improve biomedical text mining tasks. However, these techniques rarely take advantage of existing domain-specific resources, such as ontologies. In Life and Health Sciences there is a vast and valuable set of such resources publicly available, which are continuously being updated. Biomedical ontologies are nowadays a mainstream approach to formalize existing knowledge about entities, such as genes, chemicals, phenotypes, and disorders. These resources contain supplementary information that may not be yet encoded in training data, particularly in domains with limited labeled data.We propose a new model, BO-LSTM, that takes advantage of domain-specific ontologies, by representing each entity as the sequence of its ancestors in the ontology. We implemented BO-LSTM as a recurrent neural network with long short-term memory units and using an open biomedical ontology, which in our case-study was Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI). We assessed the performance of BO-LSTM on detecting and classifying drug-drug interactions in a publicly available corpus from an international challenge, composed of 792 drug descriptions and 233 scientific abstracts. By using the domain-specific ontology in addition to word embeddings and WordNet, BO-LSTM improved both the F1-score of the detection and classification of drug-drug interactions, particularly in a document set with a limited number of annotations. Our findings demonstrate that besides the high performance of current deep learning techniques, domain-specific ontologies can still be useful to mitigate the lack of labeled data.Author summaryA high quantity of biomedical information is only available in documents such as scientific articles and patents. Due to the rate at which new documents are produced, we need automatic methods to extract useful information from them. Text mining is a subfield of information retrieval which aims at extracting relevant information from text. Scientific literature is a challenge to text mining because of the complexity and specificity of the topics approached. In recent years, deep learning has obtained promising results in various text mining tasks by exploring large datasets. On the other hand, ontologies provide a detailed and sound representation of a domain and have been developed to diverse biomedical domains. We propose a model that combines deep learning algorithms with biomedical ontologies to identify relations between concepts in text. We demonstrate the potential of this model to extract drug-drug interactions from abstracts and drug descriptions. This model can be applied to other biomedical domains using an annotated corpus of documents and an ontology related to that domain to train a new classifier.

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Effects of Temporal Grouping on Multi-Trial Free Recall

Psychological Reports ◽

10.2466/pr0.1976.39.3.827 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 39 (3) ◽

pp. 827-833 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Fred Frankel ◽

Steven G. Ames

Keyword(s):

Free Recall ◽

Memory Consolidation ◽

Short Term Memory ◽

Short Term ◽

Term Memory ◽

Constant Rate ◽

Temporal Grouping ◽

Word Lists ◽

Presentation Time

In two experiments, subjects were given 4 presentations of a list divided temporally into 5 groups of 3 items each (grouped) or received the same word lists at a constant rate of presentation (ungrouped) and matched for over-all presentation time. Grouped presentation enhanced recall only in the later serial positions while decreasing recall in the middle serial positions. Results of Exp. I also showed differences in order of recall. The results of Exp. II demonstrated that order of recall was not related to the differences in recall produced by grouping. Implications for short-term memory and memory consolidation were discussed.

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