Endoscopic Orbital Decompression for Graves’ Ophthalmopathy

2005 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 603-606 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan L. Kasperbauer ◽  
Lucinda Hinkley
Keyword(s):  
Optic Neuropathy ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak ◽  
Hospital Length ◽  
Hospital Length Of Stay ◽  
Orbital Decompression ◽  
Orbital Cavity ◽  
Eye Muscle ◽  
Graves Ophthalmopathy ◽  
Fluid Leak ◽  
Eye Muscle Surgery

Background Graves’ ophthalmopathy generates a volume excess for the orbital cavity, which may produce proptosis, pain, exposure keratitis, diplopia, and optic neuropathy. Endoscopic orbital decompression expands the orbital cavity into the ethmoid cavity and medial maxillary sinus. This retrospective study documents the outcomes after endoscopic orbital decompression for patients with Graves’ ophthalmopathy. Methods Data collected included demographic information, symptom resolution, complications related to the surgery, reduction in proptosis, subsequent need for eye muscle surgery, and hospital length of stay. Between July 1989 and April 2003, 62 patients were referred for endoscopic orbital decompression (often unilateral). Results Three patients refused use of their medical records for research purposes. Seventy percent were women; the average age of the study group was 49 years. Preoperatively, 63% of the patients had diplopia and optic neuropathy was noted in 27%. Two patients had a cerebrospinal fluid leak identified and managed during the decompression. No postoperative leaks occurred. Twenty-five percent of patients did not require eye muscle surgery. Forty-eight percent of the patients underwent one procedure to manage diplopia. The average reduction in proptosis was 2.5 mm. Fifty-four percent were managed as an outpatient and 27% underwent a 23-hour observation period. Conclusion This data supports the safety, efficiency, and efficacy of endoscopic orbital decompression for unilateral and bilateral Graves’ ophthalmopathy. Eye muscle surgery frequently will be required to manage diplopia after decompression. (American Journal of Rhinology 19, 603–606, 2005)

Meningoencephalocele and Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak Complicating Orbital Decompression

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. e79-e81
Author(s):  
Liza M. Cohen ◽  
Juan C. Jiménez Pérez ◽  
Eric H. Holbrook ◽  
William T. Curry ◽  
Michael K. Yoon
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak ◽  
Orbital Decompression ◽  
Fluid Leak

Surgical Decompression of the Orbit

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.D. Perry ◽  
Craig Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Therapy ◽  
Optic Neuropathy ◽  
Eye Disease ◽  
Graves Disease ◽  
Decompression Surgery ◽  
Orbital Decompression ◽  
Eyelid Retraction ◽  
Graves Ophthalmopathy ◽  
Systemic Corticosteroids ◽  
Increased Risk

In 1835 Graves first described the characteristic exophthalmos of thyroid eye disease, and his name has since become synonymous with thyrotoxic ophthalmopathy. Graves disease is relatively common, with a prevalence and incidence of 1% and 0.1%, respectively. Although subtle signs of ophthalmopathy are present in most patients with Graves disease, only 30% have obvious eye findings, and only 5% develop ophthalmopathy severe enough to warrant specific treatment with radiotherapy, immunosuppression, or orbital decompression surgery. Graves disease and Graves ophthalmopathy are more common in females than in males, though males tend to have more severe eye disease. Cigarette smokers have an increased risk of developing Graves disease, an increased risk of developing associated ophthalmopathy, and a progressively increased risk of severe ocular manifestations. While the onset of Graves disease usually occurs when people are in their forties, thyroid optic neuropathy tends to occur in the fifties and sixties, underscoring the importance of careful long-term follow-up of these patients. The ophthalmopathy of Graves disease is usually associated with hyperthyroidism, but it occurs in euthyroid and hypothyroid patients as well. The clinical course of the ophthalmopathy does not directly correlate with the thyroid status, although more than 80% of thyroid patients who develop severe ophthalmopathy do so within 18 months of the detection of the thyroid disease. The early findings of thyroid ophthalmopathy include conjunctival injection, lacrimation, ocular surface irritation, orbital and periorbital swelling, and mild eyelid retraction. Progression of the disease can result in severe orbital congestion, massive enlargement of the extraocular muscles with secondary diplopia, proptosis, compressive optic neuropathy, prominent eyelid retraction, spontaneous subluxation of the globe anterior to the eyelids, and exposure keratopathy. Treatment options for these serious complications of Graves disease include systemic corticosteroids, radiation therapy, and orbital decompression surgery. The role of radiation therapy in the management of Graves ophthalmopathy remains controversial. In 1973, Donaldson et al. first reported results of radiotherapy for Graves ophthalmopathy using a megavoltage linear accelerator. This series and multiple subsequent series have reported favorable results in approximately 60% of patients.

Graves’ ophthalmopathy and dermopathy

2011 ◽  
pp. 495-508
Author(s):  
Wilmar M Wiersinga
Keyword(s):  
Optic Neuropathy ◽  
Eyelid Retraction ◽  
Upper Eyelid ◽  
Eye Muscle ◽  
Dry Eyes ◽  
Graves Ophthalmopathy ◽  
Class 1 ◽  
Sight Loss ◽  
Upper Eyelid Retraction ◽  
Visual Blurring

The many and often disfiguring features of a typical patient with Graves’ ophthalmopathy are obvious at first glance (Fig. 3.3.10.1). The changed appearance of the patient has a profound effect on their emotional and social status. The various signs and symptoms can be described according to the NO SPECS classification (1) (Box 3.3.10.1). Class 1 signs can be present in any patient with thyrotoxicosis regardless of its cause. Upper eyelid retraction causes stare and lid lag on downward gaze (the latter is the well-known von Graefe’s sign). Soft tissue involvement (class 2) comprises swelling and redness of eyelids, conjunctiva, and caruncle. Symptoms are a gritty sandy sensation in the eyes, retrobulbar pressure, lacrimation, photophobia, and blurring of vision. Proptosis (class 3) can be quite marked. Upper eyelid retraction by itself may already give the impression of exophthalmos. Extraocular muscle involvement (class 4) may result in aberrant position of the globe, or fixation of the globe in extreme cases. More common is limitation of eye muscle movements in certain directions of gaze, especially in upward gaze; it is usually associated with diplopia. Diplopia will not occur if the vision of one eye is very low (e.g. in amblyopia), or if the impairment of eye muscle motility is strictly symmetrical. Patients may correct for double vision by tilting the head, usually backwards and sideways; the ocular torticollis often leads to neck pain and headache. Corneal involvement (class 5) occurs through overexposure of the cornea due to lid lag, lid retraction, and exophthalmos, easily leading to dry eyes and keratitis. Lagophthalmos is often noted first by the patient’s partner because of incomplete closure of the eyelids during sleep. Sight loss (class 6) due to optic nerve involvement is the most serious feature, often referred to as dysthyroid optic neuropathy (DON). Besides the decrease of visual acuity, there may be loss of colour vision and visual field defects. Visual blurring may disappear after blinking (caused by alteration of the tear film on the surface of the cornea due to lacrimation or dry eyes) or after closing one eye (attributable to eye muscle imbalance). Visual blurring that persists is of great concern as it may indicate optic neuropathy (2).

scholarly journals Outcomes following orbital decompression surgery for dysthyroid optic neuropathy associated with Graves’ ophthalmopathy.

2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 97-107
Author(s):  
Jerome How Ing Ha ◽  
James Leong ◽  
Peter Martin ◽  
Raf Ghabrial ◽  
Ross Benger
Keyword(s):  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Optic Neuropathy ◽  
P Value ◽  
Decompression Surgery ◽  
Orbital Decompression ◽  
Dysthyroid Optic Neuropathy ◽  
Graves Ophthalmopathy ◽  
Orbital Wall

Purpose: To investigate the outcomes of orbital decompression surgery for dysthyroid optic neuropathy associated with severe Graves’ ophthalmopathy. Design: Ten years (2000-2010) retrospective case series.Methods: Thirty-eight orbits (with dysthyroid optic neuropathy) of 119 surgical orbital decompressions. Patients with dysthyroid optic neuropathy associated with Graves’ ophthalmopathy, who underwent orbital decompression surgery at Sydney Eye Hospital (Sydney, Australia), were investigated for outcome measures.Results: Thirty-five orbits were eligible for data analysis. Orbital decompression surgery improved visual acuity in 29 orbits and maintained visual acuity in four orbits. In patients with dysthyroid optic neuropathy, there was a statistically significant mean improvement in visual acuity of 2.8 lines postoperatively (standard deviation = 3.2; 95% confidence interval 3.9 to 1.7, p-value < 0.05). There were no statistically significant differences invisual acuity amongst different combinations of orbital walls being decompressed, with the majority of orbits had the medial orbital wall decompressed. This may reflect the small number of decompressions performed in each subgroup. Orbital decompression surgery reduced proptosis by a mean of 3.2 mm (standard deviation = 2.9; 95% confidence interval -4.32 to -2.07; p-value < 0.05). Medial and lateral orbital walls decompression resulted in the greatest mean reduction in proptosis. There were no severe visual impairment cases postoperatively (VA worse than 6/60). There were two patients with new onset diplopia postoperatively. There were three orbits with bleeding and one orbit with CSF leakage, all without major sequelae postoperatively.Conclusion: Regardless of surgical access, orbital decompression surgery is effective and safe in the management of dysthyroid optic neuropathy and in reducing proptosis in patients with Graves’ ophthalmopathy.

Carotid endarterectomy following thrombolysis for acute ischaemic stroke

VASA ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 116-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naz Ahmed ◽  
Damian Kelleher ◽  
Manmohan Madan ◽  
Sarita Sochart ◽  
George A. Antoniou
Keyword(s):  
Ischaemic Stroke ◽  
Carotid Endarterectomy ◽  
Acute Ischaemic Stroke ◽  
Intravenous Thrombolysis ◽  
Hospital Length ◽  
Hospital Length Of Stay ◽  
Wound Complications ◽  
Cardiac Complications ◽  
High Dependency ◽  
Low Incidence

Abstract. Background: Insufficient evidence exists to support the safety of carotid endarterectomy (CEA) following intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) for acute ischaemic stroke. Our study aimed to report a single-centre experience of patients treated over a five-year period. Patients and methods: Departmental computerised databases were interrogated to identify patients who suffered an ischaemic stroke and subsequently underwent thrombolysis followed by CEA. Mortality and stroke within 30 days of surgery were defined as the primary outcome end points. Results: Over a five-year period, 177 out of a total of 679 carotid endarterectomies (26 %) were performed in patients presenting with acute ischaemic stroke. Twenty-five patients (14 %) received IVT prior to CEA in the form of alteplase. Sixty percent of patients were male with a mean age of 68 years. Sixteen patients (64 %) underwent CEA within 14 days of IVT and the median interval between thrombolysis and CEA was 7.5 days (range, 3–50 days). One female patient died of a further intraoperative stroke within 30 days of surgery, yielding a mortality rate of 4 %. Two patients (8 %) suffered from cardiac complications postoperatively resulting in a short high dependency unit stay. Another two patients (8 %) developed local wound complications, which were managed conservatively without the need for re-operation. The median hospital length of stay was 4.5 days (range, 1–33 days). Conclusions: Our experience indicates that CEA post-thrombolysis has a low incidence of mortality. Further high quality evidence is required before CEA can be routinely recommended following IVT for acute ischaemic stroke.

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