Evaluating the effectiveness of machine translation of audio description: the results of two pilot studies in the English-Dutch language pair

The field of translation is undergoing various profound changes. On the one hand it is being thoroughly reshaped by the advent and constant improvement of new technologies. On the other hand, new forms of translation are starting to see the light of day in the wake of social and legal developments that require that products and content that are created, are accessible for everybody. One of these new forms of translation, is audio description (AD), a service that is aimed at making audiovisual content accessible to people with sight loss. New legislation requires that this content is accessible by 2025, which constitutes a tremendous task given the limited number of people that are at present trained as audio describers. A possible solution would be to use machine translation to translate existing audio descriptions into different languages. Since AD is characterized by short sentences and simple, concrete language, it could be a good candidate for machine translation. In the present study, we want to test this hypothesis for the English-Dutch language pair. Three 30 minute AD excerpts of different Dutch movies that were originally audio described in English, were translated into Dutch using DeepL. The translations were analysed using the harmonized DQF-MQM error typology and taking into account the specific multimodal nature of the source text and the intersemiotic dimension of the original audio description process. The analysis showed that the MT output had a relatively high error rate, particularly in the categories of Accuracy – mistranslation and Fluency – grammar. This seems to indicate that extensive post-editing will be needed, before the text can be used in a professional context.

Insights From Mental Model Theory and Cognitive Narratology as a Tool for Content Selection in Audio Description

One of the main questions in audio description (AD) to which no systematic answers have been provided yet, is how to decide what information you include in your description and – if there is not enough time to describe everything – how you prioritize that information. In the present paper I want to propose an answer to this problem by asking the question: how do audiences process (filmic) stories and what information do they need to process them? The basic idea underlying this question is that people process and interpret stories by creating mental models (Johnson-Laird, 1983) of these stories. The paper explains how these models are created, what information is necessary to create them and what is optional, thus helping describers to decide what information in their description is “need-to-have” and what is “nice-to-have”. The theoretical explanation will be applied to the opening of the film Slumdog millionaire (Boyle, 2008), to illustrate how the theory works and can be used in daily practice. Lay summary Audio description (AD) for film is a service for people with sight loss that weaves a verbal description of visual elements and unclear sound effects they do not have access to, between the dialogues of the original production. Since this description cannot interfere with the dialogues, there often is very little time for AD and describers will have to decide what to include and what to leave out of their descriptions. In this article, I present a way to tackle this problem, based on the basic idea that films generally tell stories and that the audio description should allow the target audience to recreate that story in their minds. More specifically I focus on two questions, namely a) how do audiences mentally recreate stories and b) what elements do they need to do so. Insights into these two questions will show audio describers what information the target audience needs to recreate the story told in the film, and hence will help them to decide what information they really need to include in their AD. After a theoretical exploration of these two questions, the approach will be illustrated by means of a concrete example, taken from the film Slumdog millionaire (Boyle, 2008).

Correlates of Physical Activity among Adults with Sight Loss in High-Income-Countries: A Systematic Review

Background: Physical activity (PA) is essential for almost all facets of health; however, research suggests that PA levels among populations with sight loss are critically low. The aim of this review was to identify the correlates of PA among people with sight loss in high income countries, to inform future interventions and policies. Methods: MEDLINE, Web of Science, PsycINFO, SPORTDiscus, The British Journal of Visual Impairment, The Journal of Visual Impairment and grey literature were searched for studies which reported correlates of PA among adults with sight loss. The protocol is available from PROSPERO (CRD42020215596). Results: A total of 29 articles were eligible for review. Evidence from multiple studies reported that the vision impairment category, worse visual acuity, bilateral visual field loss, worse contrast sensitivity, those of the female gender, low self-efficacy, and environmental barriers were associated with lower levels of PA among populations with sight loss. Conclusions: Overall, correlates of PA among people with sight loss in high income countries are complex and vary across different population groups. Health professionals, eye care, and sight loss services should work together to identify people at risk of low PA, and provide a range of services and interventions to influence the modifiable factors that are associated with low PA.

IoT Solution for Enhancing the Quality of Life of Visually Impaired People

One of the treading technologies in the field of data processing and communication is internet of things. To make life a lot easier for the disabled and visually impaired people, IoT can offer assistance and support in various ways. Visually impaired (VI) is a term used to describe any kind of sight loss; some people are completely blind, but many others have legal blindness. The proposed system visually impaired-quality of life (VI-QOL) consists of Arduino UNO, ultrasonic sensors, proximity sensors, and some of the IoT components along with smartphone. Using these components, the author's research goal is to improve the mobility of VI people in a wider range of travel activities. The proposed VI-QOL framework tested all the consequences of IoT components and the Android applications. Total transaction time for navigation system of the proposed solution is measured with and without any load in the application, which proves the efficiency of the proposed work. The throughput of the proposed solution is proved to be high.

Challenges Faced by Patients with Low Vision during COVID-19

Purpose: Low vision patients have difficulties maintaining and keeping social distancing guidelines in the fight against the spread of the COVID-19 outbreak. This study examines COVID-19 and social distancing: Challenges faced by patients with low vision. The study objective is to identify the contribution of Covid-19 to the challenges faced by patients with low vision who visited the hospital. 35 low vision patients participated in the study. Method: A self-administrated, cross-sectional survey in English was distributed using Google forms through various professional bodies across patients with low vision visiting the hospital. The questionnaire was also presented to the patients via telephonic conversation. The study objective is to identify the contribution of Covid-19 to the challenges faced by patients with low vision visited to the hospital and examine how social distancing measure has increased the challenges faced by patients with low vision. The questionnaire will contain closed-ended questions. Result: Questionnaires were distributed to patients with low vision attending the hospital 35 responses were obtained through the questionnaire. Among the participants, 22 were males, and 19 were females. Patients who participated in the study were between 10 to 70 years of age. Social distancing increases the challenges faced by people with low vision. People with low vision had restrictive movement due to problems in maintaining social distancing and travelling outside. Challenges for low vision people depend upon the level of their sight loss; blind people rely on canes and a human guide. An individual with low vision can use their visual clues by identifying the shape and size of the object and their other senses to identify the object. Conclusion: Coronavirus pandemic is a worldwide challenge that has spread across all sectors, including human. It applies to all industries. In no doubt, COVID-19 contributes to the faced by patients with low vision and the social distancing measures, which is one of the best ways of reducing the further spread of the disease across the globe. Key words: COVID-19, Challenges, Optometrist, Low Vision, Social Distancing.

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on microbial keratitis presentation patterns

Background Microbial keratitis (MK) is the most common non-surgical ophthalmic emergency, and can rapidly progress, causing irreversible sight-loss. This study explored whether the COVID-19 (C19) national lockdown impacted upon the clinical presentation and outcomes of MK at a UK tertiary-care centre. Methods Medical records were retrospectively reviewed for all patients with presumed MK requiring corneal scrapes, presenting between 23rd March and 30th June in 2020 (Y2020), and the equivalent time windows in 2017, 2018 and 2019 (pre-C19). Results In total, 181 and 49 patients presented during the pre-C19 and Y2020 periods, respectively. In Y2020, concurrent ocular trauma (16.3% vs. 5.5%, p = 0.030) and immunosuppression use (12.2% vs 1.7%, p = 0.004) were more prevalent. Despite proportionately fewer ward admissions during the pandemic (8.2% vs 32.6%, p<0.001), no differences were observed in baseline demographics; presenting visual acuity (VA; median 0.6 vs 0.6 LogMAR, p = 0.785); ulcer area (4.0 vs 3.0mm2, p = 0.520); or final VA (0.30 vs 0.30 LogMAR, p = 0.990). Whilst the overall rates of culture positivity were similar in Y2020 and pre-C19 (49.0% vs. 54.7%, p = 0.520), there were differences in the cultures isolated, with a lower rate of poly-microbial cultures in Y2020 (8.3% vs. 31.3%, p = 0.022). Conclusions Patient characteristics, MK severity and final visual outcomes did not appear to be affected in the first UK lockdown, despite fewer patients being admitted for care. Concurrent trauma and systemic immunosuppression use were greater than in previous years. The difference in spectra of isolated organisms may relate to behavioural changes, such as increased hand hygiene.

Traumatic brain injury and sight loss in military and veteran populations– a review

War and combat exposure pose great risks to the vision system. More recently, vision related deficiencies and impairments have become common with the increased use of powerful explosive devices and the subsequent rise in incidence of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Studies have looked at the effects of injury severity, aetiology of injury and the stage at which visual problems become apparent. There was little discrepancy found between the frequencies or types of visual dysfunctions across blast and non-blast related groups, however complete sight loss appeared to occur only in those who had a blast-related injury. Generally, the more severe the injury, the greater the likelihood of specific visual disturbances occurring, and a study found total sight loss to only occur in cases with greater severity. Diagnosis of mild TBI (mTBI) is challenging. Being able to identify a potential TBI via visual symptoms may offer a new avenue for diagnosis.

How to Decode Gestures and Facial Expressions in Thai TV Drama for Audio Description

The Thai Audio Description (AD) Policy for television was officially published in 2016, but its practical implementation has been slow. A salient limitation is the lack of knowledge and research feeding into the creation of AD guidelines. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to focus on the AD strategies for television drama by studying how to communicate the meaning of gestures and facial expressions of characters to visually impaired audiences. Most of the themes in the television drama relate to human emotions, and people express their emotions through gestures and facial expressions. The difficulties of describing gestures and facial expressions audially are due to the complexities of cluster of physical actions. The concept of creating a character, the functional discourse of AD and the concept of gestures and facial expressions are applied to the textual analysis of the sample clips and their scripts. The methods used include three steps to decode gestures and facial expressions in order to select the key visuals to be described in the AD scripts. The first step is that, the entire scene must be divided into small parts, taking emotional changes into account. Secondly, to identify the functions of the audio description and finally to analyse the sequences of physical actions of the gestures and facial expressions, which represent the intent of the communication. These results suggest that the audio describer should not use a single strategy for all cases and the selection strategy of AD depends on four key conditions which were: 1. the sound gap length; 2. the appropriate position for the insertion of the AD; 3. the number of words used in AD writing must not affect the optimal speed of the description; and 4. the genre of the TV drama. Further research should study on how Thais people with visual impairment perceive gestures and facial expressions. Keywords: audio description, gestures, facial expressions, emotions, television drama, sight loss, disability, accessibility

Paediatric Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension (IIH)—A Review

Paediatric idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), is a rare but important differential diagnosis in children presenting with papilloedema. It is characterised by raised intracranial pressure in the absence of an identifiable secondary structural or systemic cause and is, therefore, a diagnosis of exclusion. In the adult population, there is a strong predilection for the disease to occur in female patients who are obese. This association is also seen in paediatric patients with IIH but primarily in the post-pubertal cohort. In younger pre-pubertal children, this is not the case, possibly reflecting a different underlying disease aetiology and pathogenesis. Untreated IIH in children can cause significant morbidity from sight loss, chronic headaches, and the psychological effects of ongoing regular hospital monitoring, interventions, and medication. The ultimate goal in the management of paediatric IIH is to protect the optic nerve from papilloedema-induced optic neuropathy and thus preserve vision, whilst reducing the morbidity from other symptoms of IIH, in particular chronic headaches. In this review, we will outline the typical work-up and diagnostic process for paediatric patients with suspected IIH and how we manage these patients.