scholarly journals Prevalence of Female Athlete Triad Risk Factors and Iron Supplementation Among High School Distance Runners: Results From a Triad Risk Screening Tool

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 232596712095972
Author(s):  
Paige Skorseth ◽  
Nicole Segovia ◽  
Katherine Hastings ◽  
Emily Kraus
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
High School ◽  
Female Athlete ◽  
Iron Supplementation ◽  
Screening Tool ◽  
Energy Availability ◽  
Female Athlete Triad ◽  
Distance Runners ◽  
High School Athletes ◽  
Low Energy Availability

Background: Investigations of the female athlete triad (Triad) in high school athletes have found that 36% had low energy availability, 54% had menstrual abnormalities, and 16% had low bone mineral density (BMD). Limited data are available showing the prevalence of these risk factors in high school distance runners or regarding best practice on screening for the Triad in the adolescent population. Purpose: To (1) evaluate the prevalence of Triad risk factors and iron supplementation in high school distance runners and (2) pilot a screening tool for Triad risk score. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: The study population included female high school athletes who participated in cross-country/track. Participants completed a survey including questions regarding dietary habits, menstrual history, and bone stress injury (BSI) history. They then underwent evaluation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D, free triiodothyronine (T3), and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scan to measure body fat and BMD through use of age-, sex-, and ethnicity-matched Z scores. Triad scores were calculated. Relationships were analyzed using Spearman correlation coefficient. Results: There were 38 study participants (mean age, 16.9 years). Average body mass index was 19.8 kg/m2. Disordered eating or eating disorders were reported in 76.3% of runners; in addition, 23.7% reported delayed menarche, 45.9% had a history of amenorrhea or oligomenorrhea, 42.1% had low BMD ( Z score < –1.0), and 15.8% reported prior BSI. Low free T3 was significantly associated with higher Triad risk scores ( r S = –0.36; P = .028). More than 42% of athletes were supplementing iron. Conclusion: The prevalence of Triad risk factors in high school distance runners was high. Free T3 was inversely associated with Triad score, which may serve as an indicator of low energy availability. Nearly half of the athletes were using iron supplementation.

scholarly journals Iron Supplementation and the Female Athlete Triad in High School Distance Runners

2019 ◽  
Vol 51 (Supplement) ◽  
pp. 736
Author(s):  
Paige Skorseth ◽  
Aleksei Dingel ◽  
Katie Hastings ◽  
Nicole Segovia ◽  
Emily Kraus
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Female Athlete ◽  
Iron Supplementation ◽  
Female Athlete Triad ◽  
Distance Runners

Characterization of Risk Quantification Differences Using Female Athlete Triad Cumulative Risk Assessment and Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport Clinical Assessment Tool

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 569-575 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bryan Holtzman ◽  
Adam S. Tenforde ◽  
Allyson L. Parziale ◽  
Kathryn E. Ackerman
Keyword(s):  
Female Athlete ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Cumulative Risk ◽  
Relative Energy ◽  
Risk Level ◽  
Energy Availability ◽  
Female Athlete Triad ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Energy Deficiency ◽  
Low Energy Availability

This study’s objective was to identify differences in risk for low energy availability and athletic clearance level by comparing scores on Female Athlete Triad Cumulative Risk Assessment (Triad CRA) and Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport Clinical Assessment Tool (RED-S CAT). A total of 1,000 female athletes aged 15–30 years participating in ≥4 hr of physical activity/week for the previous ≥6 months completed an extensive survey assessing health, athletic history, family disease history, and specific Triad/RED-S risk factors. Retrospective chart review ascertained laboratory and bone mineral density measures. Triad CRA and RED-S CAT were used to assign each athlete’s risk level (low, moderate, and high), and case-by-case comparison measured the level of agreement between the tools. We hypothesized that the tools would generally agree on low-risk athletes and that the tools would be less aligned in the specific elevated risk level (moderate or high). Most of the sample was assigned moderate or high risk for Triad CRA and RED-S CAT (Triad: 54.7% moderate and 7.9% high; RED-S: 63.2% moderate and 33.0% high). The tools agreed on risk for 55.5% of athletes. Agreement increased to 64.3% when only athletes with bone mineral density measurements were considered. In conclusion, Triad CRA and RED-S CAT provide consensus on the majority of athletes at elevated (moderate or high) risk for low energy availability, but have less agreement on the specific risk level assigned.

Prevalence of Components of the Female Athlete Triad in High School Athletes

2006 ◽  
Vol 38 (Supplement) ◽  
pp. S345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Z. Hoch ◽  
John E. Stavrakos ◽  
Valerie L. Bobb ◽  
LuAnn Moraski ◽  
Dena McDowell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Female Athlete ◽  
Female Athlete Triad ◽  
High School Athletes

scholarly journals Prevalence of the Female Athlete Triad Syndrome Among High School Athletes

2006 ◽  
Vol 160 (2) ◽  
pp. 137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeanne F. Nichols ◽  
Mitchell J. Rauh ◽  
Mandra J. Lawson ◽  
Ming Ji ◽  
Hava-Shoshana Barkai
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Female Athlete ◽  
Female Athlete Triad ◽  
High School Athletes ◽  
Female Athlete Triad Syndrome

scholarly journals CULTURAL ADAPTATION AND VALIDATION OF THE LOW ENERGY AVAILABILITY IN FEMALES QUESTIONNAIRE (LEAF-Q)

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 184-188
Author(s):  
Uyara Pereira de Maria ◽  
Claudia Ridel Juzwiak
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Adaptation ◽  
Female Athlete ◽  
Team Sports ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Energy Availability ◽  
Female Athlete Triad ◽  
Retest Reliability ◽  
Brazilian Version ◽  
Test Retest Reliability ◽  
Low Energy Availability

ABSTRACT Introduction: Low energy availability, amenorrhea and osteoporosis make up the Female Athlete Triad observed in physically active females and athletes. The Low Energy Availability in Females Questionnaire (LEAF-Q) was created with the purpose of identifying female athletes at risk for the Female Athlete Triad. Objective: To translate and culturally adapt the LEAF-Q for Brazilian Portuguese and validate it in a group of Brazilian athletes. Methods: The first stage of the study consisted of translation, cultural adaptation and content validation of the questionnaire in 20 athletes. In the second stage, for the test-retest reliability analysis and the construct validation, the final adapted version was applied in a sample of 127 athletes from various sports disciplines, 54 of whom responded to the questionnaire on a second occasion. For the test-retest reliability analysis, the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was calculated and the paired t-test, McNemar’s test and Bland-Altman plot were carried out. The construct validation modeled by known or contrasted groups was carried out by comparing the mean LEAF-Q scores of group 1 (athletes who practiced weight-sensitive sports) with those of group 2 (athletes who practiced team sports) using the Student’s t test. Results: The Brazilian version of the LEAF-Q showed excellent test-retest reliability, with an ICC of 0.92. The construct validity by known or contrasted groups was confirmed after demonstrating that athletes who practiced weight-sensitive sports had a higher LEAF-Q mean score than athletes who practiced team sports (p≤0.05). Conclusion: The Brazilian version of the LEAF-Q is an important tool, which presented textual and cultural adequacy, proved to be reliable in terms of test-retest reliability, and presents evidence of validity to investigate the risk of the triad. Level of evidence II; Diagnostic Studies – Investigating a diagnostic instrument .

scholarly journals Low Energy Availability and Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport: What Coaches Should Know

2022 ◽  
pp. 174795412110544
Author(s):  
Braeden T. Charlton ◽  
Sara Forsyth ◽  
David C. Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Female Athlete ◽  
Relative Energy ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Energy Availability ◽  
Female Athlete Triad ◽  
Energy Deficiency ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Low Energy Availability

The Female Athlete Triad (Triad) and the more encompassing Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S) are disorders caused by low energy availability (LEA). LEA is a state of insufficient energy intake by an athlete relative to their energy expenditure. Persistent LEA results in the deleterious consequences to health and performance that comprise RED-S. With respect to both the Triad and RED-S, researchers have called for more education of those involved with sport, particularly coaches, to help reduce the incidence of these disorders. Recent studies have shown that as few as 15% of coaches are aware of the Triad, with up to 89% unable to identify even one of its symptoms. RED-S is a more recently established concept such that coach knowledge regarding it has only begun to be assessed, but the results of these initial studies indicate similar trends as for the Triad. In this review, we synthesize research findings from 1986 to 2021 that pertains to LEA and RED-S, which coaches should know so they can better guide their athletes.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document