scholarly journals Pharmacist-Provided Pharmacogenetic Point-of-Care Testing Consultation Service: A Time and Motion Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 139-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
David R. Bright ◽  
Michael E. Klepser ◽  
Logan Murry ◽  
Donald G. Klepser
Keyword(s):  
Community Pharmacy ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Pharmacy Practice ◽  
Point Of Care Testing ◽  
Pharmacy Staff ◽  
Pharmacy Technician ◽  
Time And Motion Study ◽  
Time And Motion ◽  
Motion Study ◽  
Pharmacy Setting

Background: With recent advances in pharmacogenomics (PGx) comes the potential to customize medication use based on genetic data. Support for PGx has found practical limitations in terms of workflow and turnaround time of a test. However, with the expansion of point-of-care testing (POCT) in pharmacy practice models comes opportunity for PGx testing in the pharmacy setting. Objective: The purpose of this study is to quantify the amount of time spent during each step of a PGx POCT encounter in a community pharmacy setting. Methods: A time and motion study was conducted using a mock community pharmacy space for a simulated PGx-focused encounter to manage antiplatelet therapy following hospital discharge. PGx POCT was conducted using the Spartan RX instrument. Simulated patient encounters were divided into 7 categories. Time spent in each step, as well as total time spent, was tracked. Results: A total of 54 simulated PGx POCT encounters took place with an average time of 9.49 minutes (SD ± 1.38 minutes). Instrument run time adds 60 minutes to the total time required to obtain a result. Duties that could be performed by an appropriately trained pharmacy technician totaled 6.86 minutes. Conclusions: PGx POCT would require 9.49 minutes of pharmacy staff hands-on time for the encounter, which could be reduced to 2.64 minutes of pharmacist time with appropriate pharmacy technician involvement. Time requirements for PGx POCT are similar to that of community pharmacy–based immunizations. Future studies could explore how practice could change if PGx testing were routinely performed in the pharmacy.

scholarly journals Time and Motion Study of Influenza Diagnostic Testing in a Community Pharmacy

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald Klepser ◽  
Allison Dering-Anderson ◽  
Jacqueline Morse ◽  
Michael Klepser ◽  
Stephanie Klepser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Community Pharmacy ◽  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
Vital Signs ◽  
Pharmacy Practice ◽  
Original Research ◽  
Pharmacy Technician ◽  
Time And Motion Study ◽  
Time And Motion ◽  
Motion Study ◽  
Time Required

Background: It has been shown that use of rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) is able to reduce costs and improve the prescribing practice of antivirals (i.e. oseltamivir) among patients with influenza-like illnesses (ILIs). Using existing Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendment (CLIA)-waived RDTs and collaborative practice agreements, similar to those used to allow pharmacists to administer vaccines, it is possible for patients to seek point-of-care treatment for influenza or flu-like symptoms at a local pharmacy. Following a review of the patient's symptoms by a trained pharmacist, the qualified patient is offered an RDT to determine if the influenza virus is the cause of the symptoms. Based on the results of the RDT, the patient is provided with the appropriate treatment as defined by an approved practice agreement. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of incorporating an RDT for influenza into community pharmacy practice. Methods: This time and motion study was conducted at three community pharmacy locations, and a total of eight simulated patient visits were completed utilizing a standardized patient. In addition to determining a total time of the encounter, each simulation was divided into nine timed sub-categories. For data analysis, the time spent in each of the nine sub-categories was assigned to the pharmacist, pharmacy technician, or patient. Time and motion methodologies were used to estimate the total time required to provide the RDT service, to determine the amount of active time required of the pharmacist and pharmacy technician, and to evaluate the ability of the staff to provide the service within its existing workflow. Results: The average total time to complete the entire patient encounter for an influenza assessment utilizing an RDT was 35.5 minutes (± 3.1 minutes). On average, the pharmacist spent 9.4 minutes (± 3 minutes) per encounter or about 26.5% of the entire encounter. When the pharmacy technician collected the vital signs, the pharmacist-required time was reduced to 4.95 minutes (± 2.7 minutes), which was about a 48% reduction. Conclusions: The results indicate that an RDT program for influenza assessment required no more than a modest amount of pharmacist time and could be successfully incorporated into regular workflow with little to no disruption of other activities. As such, this approach to influenza management may be a feasible service for community pharmacies to offer patients. This was especially true if the pharmacy had well-trained technicians on staff that could support the service with collection of patient histories and vital signs.   Type: Original Research

Utilization of influenza and streptococcal pharyngitis point-of-care testing in the community pharmacy practice setting

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 356-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald G. Klepser ◽  
Michael E. Klepser ◽  
Jaclyn K. Smith ◽  
Allison M. Dering-Anderson ◽  
Maggie Nelson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Community Pharmacy ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Pharmacy Practice ◽  
Streptococcal Pharyngitis ◽  
Practice Setting ◽  
Point Of Care Testing ◽  
Community Pharmacy Practice

scholarly journals Considering pharmacy workflow in the context of Australian community pharmacy: A pilot time and motion study

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (12) ◽  
pp. 1157-1162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana Cavaye ◽  
Elin C. Lehnbom ◽  
Tracey-Lea Laba ◽  
Elise El-Boustani ◽  
Rohina Joshi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Community Pharmacy ◽  
Time And Motion Study ◽  
Time And Motion ◽  
Motion Study ◽  
Australian Community

scholarly journals Development and Implementation of an Influenza Point-Of-Care Testing Service in a Chain Community Pharmacy Setting

Pharmacy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 182
Author(s):  
Rachel Hardin ◽  
Pheli Roberts ◽  
Brooke Hudspeth ◽  
Angela Tracy ◽  
Lauren Baldwin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Community Pharmacy ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Group A Streptococcus ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Influenza Infection ◽  
Willingness To Participate ◽  
Point Of Care Testing ◽  
Testing Service ◽  
A Chain ◽  
Pharmacy Setting

Point-of-care testing is becoming increasingly commonplace in community pharmacy settings. These tests are often used in the management of chronic disease, such as blood sugar, hemoglobin A1c and lipid levels, but can also be used for acute conditions such as influenza infection and group A streptococcus pharyngitis. When used for these acute infections, point-of-care tests can allow for pharmacist-initiated treatment. In this study, an influenza point-of-care testing service was developed and implemented in a chain community pharmacy setting and a retrospective review was conducted to assess the service. Of patients tested, 29% tested positive for influenza A and/or B; 92% of patients testing positive received a prescription as a result. While health insurance cannot be billed for the service due to current pharmacy reimbursement practices, this did not appear to negatively affect patient willingness to participate. As point-of-care testing services become more commonplace in community pharmacy settings, patient awareness will similarly increase and allow for more widespread access to acute outpatient care.

Discussion on “Time and motion study” at the Yorkshire Section of the Institution

1937 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. 609
Author(s):  
A. Sykes ◽  
Hall ◽  
George Hepworth ◽  
F. Grover ◽  
E. Drake ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time And Motion Study ◽  
Time And Motion ◽  
Motion Study
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