We measured the O2 cost of breathing (VO2resp) against external inspiratory elastic (E) and resistive loads (R) when end-expiratory lung volume, tidal volume, breathing frequency, work rate, and pressure-time product were matched in each of six pairs of runs in six subjects. During E, peak inspiratory mouth pressure was 65.7 +/- 1.8% (SD) of the maximum at functional residual capacity. However, during resistive runs, peak inspiratory mouth pressure was 41.1 +/- 2.8% of the maximum at functional residual capacity. In 36 paired runs, where both work rate and pressure-time product were within 10%, VO2resp for E was less than for R (81 and 96 ml/min, respectively; P less than 0.01). During loaded and unloaded breathing with the same tidal volume, we measured the changes in anteroposterior diameter of the lower rib cage in five subjects. In four subjects we also recorded the electromyograms of several fixator and stabilizing muscles. During E and R, the change in anteroposterior diameter of the lower rib cage was -116 +/- 5 and -45 +/- 4% (SE), respectively, of the unloaded value (P less than 0.01), indicating greater deformation during E. Although the peak electromyographic activity was 72 +/- 16% greater during E (P less than 0.01), there was no difference between the loads for area under the electromyogram time curve (P greater than 0.05). However, the time to 50% peak activity was less during R (P less than 0.02). We conclude that, even when work rate and pressure-time product are matched, VO2resp during R is greater than that during E. This difference may be due to preferential recruitment of faster and less efficient muscle fibers.
Measuring tidal volume and functional residual capacity change in sleeping infants using a volume displacement plethysmograph
