Ventilatory equivalents

This chapter shows how dividing the minute ventilation (VE) by the volume of carbon dioxide exhaled, or the volume of oxygen taken up, gives the ventilatory equivalents (VeqCO2 or VeqO2, respectively). VeqCO2 show how much ventilation is needed to get a given volume of carbon dioxide out of the body. In a normal subject, the VeqCO2 fall gradually during exercise, as ventilation–perfusion matching improves, to a value of <30. In lung disease, the lowest value remains >30. Beyond the anaerobic threshold (AT), VE increases in order to get rid of CO2 produced from buffering of lactic acid. Since there is no corresponding increase in VO2, the VeqO2 start to rise, giving one of several ways of looking at the AT.

Neither Licit nor Illicit

Cognition enhancers—drugs used to enhance cognition in healthy people—have generated a substantial amount of debate in the academic literature. In these debates, cognition enhancers are considered to promise (or threaten) to drastically change society. Cognition enhancers, as a “new breed of drugs,” are significant as they disrupt the licit–illicit binary maintained in the moral logic of pharmaceutical legitimacy. Cognition enhancers, despite putatively going beyond the legitimate purpose of restoring health, are not considered illicit. Their specificity positions them differently from medical, recreational, and other enhancement or “lifestyle” drugs, such that they elicit different rationales of governance. Utilizing a discursive analysis of the debates concerning cognition enhancers, I demonstrate how cognition enhancers cannot be determined by fixed properties either internal or external to themselves, but are rendered (reasonably) coherent through the problematizations that they produce. Questions of the boundaries of treatment and enhancement, equality and fairness, authenticity and autonomy, are bound up with concerns over the nature of being human. The discourse on cognition enhancers is underpinned by the assumption that these drugs do not repair a disorder but rather enhance an already “healthy” subject to an idealized subject, a construct underpinned by conceptions of a “normal” subject that is White, heteromasculine, and nondisabled. This presumption exists in the hinterlands that constitute these drugs as “cognition enhancers.”

HITUNG KOLONI Candida Albicans DI TINJA ANAK GANGGUAN AUTISM SPECTRUM

Candida albicans is part of the normal flora of the digestive tract, however in immunocompromised host can cause opportunisticinfection. According to Shaw’s case series study in North Carolina USA, colonization of C. albicans is increased in autism spectrumdisorders (ASD) patients. C. albicans is a dimorphism fungus, the yeast phase is grown at 37 °C and the mould phase is grown at roomtemperature. The aim of this study was to compare C. albicans colony count in stools of ASD patients and normal children, and to findcorrelation between C. albicans colony count and state of ASD. A cross sectional study was conducted from December 2004 to March 2005on 50 ASD patients and 50 normal children as controls. Diagnosis of ASD was based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of MentalDisorders (DSM) IV criteria. The range of age in both groups was 2 to 6 years old. Stool specimens were collected in Sachs transportmedia. All specimens were examined in the Division of Infectious and Tropical Medicine, Department of Clinical Pathology RSHS/FKUPBandung. The specimens were examined microscopically and cultured on Sabouraud dextrose agar incubated at room temperature and37 °C. The colonies were interpreted in colony forming unit (CFU). The C. albicans was identified by colony microscopic examinationand germ tube test. The differences of C. albicans colony count between ASD and normal subject were analyzed by t-test. Correlationbetween colony count C. albicans and ASD state was analyzed using point biserial correlation. Of 50 subjects, 14 (28%) were diagnosedas pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS) and 36 (72%) were diagnosed as autistic disorders. There wereno significant statistical differences between ASD and normal subjects in age, sex, and nutritional status (p > 0.05). A significantcorrelation between direct microscopy and the result of Candida colony count was found (p = 0.0000). We did not find a significantdifference between the two temperature of incubations (p = 0.390). Mean of C. albicans colony count in normal subjects was 4 CFU.In contrast, the mean of C. albicans colony count in ASD subjects was 39 CFU. The mean C. albicans colony count in ASD subjects wassignificantly higher than normal subject (p = 0.012). There was a significant correlation between C. albicans colony count and the stateof ASD (Rpb0.253372; p = 0.0106) : C. albicans colony count from stool of ASD subjects was significantly higher than normal subjects.We also found a significant correlation between C. albicans colony count and the state of ASD

Artist Statement

My name is Kenton Doupe. I am twenty-one years old and am currently in my third year at the U of S in pursuit of a BFA. My artistic interests include photography, drawing, and printmaking, as well as small doses of videography, woodworking and painting. I hope to continue with my artistic endeavours and make a living off of my passion. After graduation I will continue to create, and travel the world in a Westfalia.The work submitted is a small dose of projects I have been working on that push my conception of common artistic methods, including graphite and photography. Both of these projects were a big step back from my normal subject matter to explore the idea of form and implied form. It gave me a chance to try to create objects and shapes without relying on set parameters or guidelines that would accompany a more traditional work (relying on known physical objects or the human form).