scholarly journals Towards a better understanding of Rift Valley fever epidemiology in the south-west of the Indian Ocean

2013 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Balenghien ◽  
Eric Cardinale ◽  
Véronique Chevalier ◽  
Nohal Elissa ◽  
Anna-Bella Failloux ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Rift Valley ◽  
Rift Valley Fever ◽  
The South ◽  
Valley Fever ◽  
South West ◽  
The Indian Ocean

scholarly journals Paving the way for human vaccination against Rift Valley fever virus: A systematic literature review of RVFV epidemiology from 1999 to 2021

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keli N Gerken ◽  
A. Desiree LaBeaud ◽  
Henshaw Mandi ◽  
Maïna L’Azou Jackson ◽  
J. Gabrielle Breugelmans ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Rift Valley ◽  
Rift Valley Fever ◽  
Survey Design ◽  
Rift Valley Fever Virus ◽  
Fever Virus ◽  
Valley Fever ◽  
Populations At Risk ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
The Impact

Background: Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a lethal threat to humans and livestock in many parts of Africa, Arabia, and the Indian Ocean. This systematic review’s objective was to consolidate understanding of RVFV epidemiology during 1999-2021 and highlight knowledge gaps relevant to plans for human vaccine trials. Methodology/Principal Findings: The review is registered with PROSPERO (CRD42020221622). Reports of RVFV infection or exposure among humans, animals, and/or vectors in Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, and the Indian Ocean during the period January 1999 to June 2021 were eligible for inclusion. Online databases were searched for publications, and supplemental materials were recovered from official reports and research colleagues. Exposures were classified into five groups: 1) acute human RVF cases, 2) acute animal cases, 3) human RVFV sero-surveys, 4) animal sero-surveys, and 5) insect infections. Human risk factors, circulating RVFV lineages, and surveillance methods were also tabulated. In meta-analysis of risks, summary odds ratios were computed using random-effects modeling. 1104 unique human or animal RVFV transmission events were reported in 39 countries during 1999-2021. Outbreaks among humans or animals occurred at rates of 5.8/year and 12.4/year, respectively, with Mauritania, Madagascar, Kenya, South Africa, and Sudan having the most human outbreak years. Men had greater odds of RVFV infection than women, and animal contact, butchering, milking, and handling aborted material were significantly associated with greater odds of exposure. Animal risk was linked to location, proximity to water, and exposure to other herds or wildlife. RVFV was detected in a variety of mosquito vectors during interepidemic periods, confirming ongoing transmission. Conclusions/Significance: With broad variability in surveillance, case finding, survey design, and RVFV case confirmation, combined with uncertainty about populations-at-risk, there were inconsistent results from location to location. However, it was evident that RVFV transmission is expanding its range and frequency. Gaps assessment indicated the need to harmonize human and animal surveillance and improve diagnostics and genotyping. Given the frequency of RVFV outbreaks, human vaccination has strong potential to mitigate the impact of this now widely endemic disease.

scholarly journals Serological evidence of Rift Valley fever virus infection among domestic ruminant herds in Uganda

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Deo B. Ndumu ◽  
Barnabas Bakamutumaho ◽  
Edward Miller ◽  
Jesca Nakayima ◽  
Robert Downing ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rift Valley ◽  
Rift Valley Fever ◽  
Rift Valley Fever Virus ◽  
Northern Region ◽  
Western Region ◽  
Domestic Ruminant ◽  
The South ◽  
Valley Fever ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
The Western Region

Abstract Background Prior to the first recorded outbreak of Rift Valley fever (RVF) in Uganda, in March 2016, earlier studies done until the 1970’s indicated the presence of the RVF virus (RVFV) in the country, without any recorded outbreaks in either man or animals. While severe outbreaks of RVF occurred in the neighboring countries, none were reported in Uganda despite forecasts that placed some parts of Uganda at similar risk. The Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries (MAAIF) undertook studies to determine the RVF sero-prevalence in risk prone areas. Three datasets from cattle sheep and goats were obtained; one from retrospective samples collected in 2010–2011 from the northern region; the second from the western region in 2013 while the third was from a cross-sectional survey done in 2016 in the south-western region. Laboratory analysis involved the use of the Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assays (ELISA). Data were subjected to descriptive statistical analyses, including non-parametric chi-square tests for comparisons between districts and species in the regions. Results During the Yellow Fever outbreak investigation of 2010–2011 in the northern region, a total sero-prevalence of 6.7% was obtained for anti RVFV reacting antibodies (IgG and IgM) among the domestic ruminant population. The 2013 sero-survey in the western region showed a prevalence of 18.6% in cattle and 2.3% in small ruminants. The 2016 sero-survey in the districts of Kabale, Kanungu, Kasese, Kisoro and Rubirizi, in the south-western region, had the respective district RVF sero-prevalence of 16.0, 2.1, 0.8, 15.1and 2.7% among the domestic ruminants combined for this region; bovines exhibited the highest cumulative sero-prevalence of 15.2%, compared to 5.3 and 4.0% respectively for sheep and goats per species for the region. Conclusions The absence of apparent outbreaks in Uganda, despite neighboring enzootic areas, having minimal restrictions to the exchange of livestock and their products across borders, suggest an unexpected RVF activity in the study areas that needs to be unraveled. Therefore, more in-depth studies are planned to mitigate the risk of an overt RVF outbreak in humans and animals as has occurred in neighboring countries.

The invaders: Phylogeography of dengue and chikungunya viruses Aedes vectors, on the South West islands of the Indian Ocean

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1769-1781 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Delatte ◽  
L. Bagny ◽  
C. Brengue ◽  
A. Bouetard ◽  
C. Paupy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
The South ◽  
South West ◽  
The Indian Ocean

scholarly journals Seroprevalence of Rift Valley Fever and West Nile Fever in Cattle in Gambella Region, South West Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Vol Volume 11 ◽  
pp. 119-130
Author(s):  
Getahun Asebe ◽  
Gezahegne Mamo ◽  
Daniela Michlmayr ◽  
Woldaregay Erku Abegaz ◽  
Adugna Endale ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rift Valley ◽  
Rift Valley Fever ◽  
West Nile Fever ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Valley Fever ◽  
South West ◽  
South West Ethiopia

scholarly journals Eocene to recent development of the South-west Indian Ridge, a consequence of the evolution of the Indian Ocean Triple Junction

1981 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 587-604 ◽  
Author(s):  
John G. Sclater ◽  
Robert L. Fisher ◽  
Phillippe Patriat ◽  
Christopher Tapscott ◽  
Barry Parsons
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Triple Junction ◽  
West Indian ◽  
The South ◽  
South West ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
Indian Ridge

scholarly journals Art. XXVII.—Notes on Malayalam Literature

1900 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 763-768
Author(s):  
T. K. Krishṇa Menon
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Arabian Sea ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
The Third ◽  
The North ◽  
South West ◽  
The Indian Ocean

Malayalam is the language of the south-west of the Madras Presidency. It is the third most important language of the Presidency, the first and the second being Tamil and Telugu respectively. It is spoken in Malabar, Cochin, and Travancore. Out of a total of 5,932,207 inhabitants of these parts, 5,409,350 persons are those who speak Malayalam. These countries, taken as a whole, are bounded on the north, by South Canara, on the east by the far-famed Malaya range of mountains, on the south by the Indian Ocean, and on the west by the Arabian Sea.

The Sudanic Languages

1920 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 107-124
Author(s):  
N. W. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Great Lakes ◽  
Red Sea ◽  
Broad Band ◽  
The South ◽  
South West ◽  
The Indian Ocean

Under the name of Sudanic or Negro languages are comprehended, according to the generally received terminology, the African tongues which stretch in a broad band across the continent from Cape Verd to the Great Lakes; further north they reach nearly to the Red Sea in isolated instances, and in the south to the confines of the Indian Ocean in the shape of linguistic islets whose affinities are only with difficulty recognizable. To the south of the area stretches the Bantu territory, interspersed with pigmy and Bushmen elements, of whom the latter alone have well-marked forms of speech, while the former appear to speak the tongues of Bantu neighbours, or of Sudanic tribes, who must have been their neighbours at an earlier period but have now been swallowed up in the Bantu flood. South-west of the Bantu we have the Nama languages, often classified as Hamitic.

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